Water T W his comprehensive, how-to manual and guide demonstrates a t how to produce a long-term Integrated Resource Plan for a e r water utility. It covers all resource planning issues, from estimating R e future water demand and evaluating possible new sources of water s Resources o u to involving stakeholders in the planning process and dealing with r c expanding environmental regulations. e s P l a This second edition significantly enhances the basis of water resource n Planning n planning provided in the first edition, and emphasizes the role of in g successful public involvement in water resource planning. The second edition also includes a new section on conjunctive use as a water source option, updates on drinking water regulation, and provides additional case studies. M 50 M Manual of Water Supply practiceS 5 0 Second Edition AWWAistheauthoritativeresourceforknowledge,informationandadvocacytoimprovethequalityand  Advocacy supplyofwaterinNorthAmericaandbeyond.AWWAisthelargestorganizationofwaterprofessionalsin  Communications theworld.AWWAadvancespublichealth,safetyandwelfarebyunitingtheeffortsofthefullspectrumof  Conferences theentirewatercommunity.Throughourcollectivestrengthwebecomebetterstewardsofwaterforthe  EducationandTraining greatestgoodofthepeopleandtheenvironment. Science and Technology  Sections 1P-2E-1M-30050-5/07-SB The Authoritative Resource on Safe Water ® 30033 Cover 1.indd 1 4/19/2007 2:09:01 PM Water Resources Planning AWWA MANUAL M50 Second Edition Science and Technology AWWA unites the entire water community by developing and distributing authoritative scientific and technological knowledge. Through its members, AWWA develops industry standards for products and processes that advance public health and safety. AWWA also provides quality improvement programs for water and wastewater utilities. MANUAL OF WATER SUPPLY PRACTICES—M50, Second Edition Water Resources Planning Copyright © 2001, 2007 American Water Works Association All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information or retrieval system, except in the form of brief excerpts or quotations for review purposes, without the written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer The authors, contributors, editors, and publisher do not assume responsibility for the validity of the content or any consequences of their use. In no event will AWWA be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of the use of information presented in this book. In particular, AWWA will not be responsible for any costs, including, but not limited to, those incurred as a result of lost revenue. In no event shall AWWA’s liability exceed the amount paid for the purchase of this book. Project Manager and Technical Editor: Melissa Valentine Production: Claro Systems Manuals Coordinator: Beth Behner Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Water resources planning. --2nd ed. p. cm. -- (AWWA manual ; M50) Preparation of the manual managed by William O. Maddaus. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58321-471-2 1. Water-supply--Planning. 2. Water consumption--Forecasting. 3. Water resources development. 4. Water-supply--United States--Planning--Case studies. I. Maddaus, William O. TD345.W2685 2007 363.6'1--dc22 2006052622 Printed in the United States of America American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235 ISBN 1-58321-471-2 Printed on recycled paper Contents List of Figures, vii List of Tables, xi Foreword, xiii Acknowledgments, xv Chapter 1 Introduction to Water Resources Planning 1 . . . . . . . . . . . The Water Resources Planning Process, 2 References, 11 Chapter 2 Public Involvement for Water Resources Planning 13 . . . . . . Introduction, 13 Planning for Public Involvement, 15 Prepare Public Involvement Work Plan, 18 Implement the Public Involvement Plan, 20 Case Studies, 22 Supplement to Chapter 2, 35 Public Consultation Addressing Historic/Cultural Resource and Environmental Justice Issues, 35 Public Involvement and Consultation Regarding Historic and Cultural Resources, 35 Public Involvement and Consultation Regarding Environmental Justice, 36 Consultation/Collaboration with Federally Recognized Native American Tribes, 37 Chapter 3 Water Demand Forecasting 41 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Forecasting Methods, 43 Data Requirements, 47 Identifying Water Use Patterns, 52 Compiling a Demographic Database, 60 Naturally Occurring and Programmed Conservation, 61 Identify System Losses, 63 Complete the Integrated Forecast Model, 63 Sensitivity Analysis, 67 Summary, 71 Suggested Additional Readings, 72 Supplement to Chapter 3: Summary of IWA Best Practices for Water Loss Control, 76 Features of International Water Audit Methodology, 76 Magnitude of Savings Potential, 77 Major Components of Effective Loss Control, 78 Chapter 4 Water Rights and Policy 81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . General Water Rights, 82 Federal Water Rights, 86 iii The Public Trust Doctrine, 88 AWWA Water Policy, 90 Water Quality Impacts to Water Rights, 91 Suggested Additional Readings, 93 Chapter 5 Evaluation of Surface Water and Groundwater Sources 95 . . . Surface Water, 95 Groundwater, 103 Aquifer Storage and Recovery Wells, 107 Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Wells, 112 Identification of Timing and Magnitude of New Source Development, 115 References, 117 Chapter 6 Evaluation of Other Sources 119 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conservation, 119 Reclaimed Water, 138 Project Siting, 146 Desalination, 151 Water Marketing and Transfers, 162 References, 168 Chapter 7 Water Quality 171 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Quality, 171 Surface Water Quality, 172 Groundwater Quality, 172 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Components Influencing Water Quality, 173 Sources of Contaminant Loading in Water, 177 Water Quality Sampling and Monitoring, 181 Summary, 184 Suggested Additional Readings, 184 Chapter 8 Hydrologic Modeling 187 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hydrologic Models: What, Why, How, and When, 188 Hydrologic Models and Their Use, 191 Models and the Hydrologic Cycle, 195 Hydrologic Models: Data, Calibration, Sensitivity, and Errors, 211 Suggested Additional Readings, 226 Chapter 9 Regulatory Issues 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Clean Water Act, 228 Drinking Water Quality Standards, 230 1986 Amendments, 235 1996 Amendments, 240 Summary, 246 References, 259 Chapter 10 Environmental Impact Analysis 261 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Environmental Impact Planning, 261 Preparing Environmental Impact Documentation, 264 Information in Environmental Impact Documents, 268 Permits and Approvals in the Environmental Process, 270 iv Chapter 11 Watershed Management and Groundwater Protection 275 . . . Surface Water Source Protection, 276 Groundwater Source Protection, 286 References, 297 Chapter 12 Economic Feasibility 299 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multiobjective Decisions: Economics as One of Several Objectives, 299 Economic Factors, 299 Economic Variables: Costs and Benefits, 300 Time and Discount Rate, 305 Comparison Methodologies, 308 Summary, 313 Chapter 13 Integrated Resource Planning 315 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Overview of the IRP Process, 316 Plan Outline, 322 Forming Resource Combinations, 327 Evaluating Resource Combinations, 330 Selecting and Implementing a Plan, 334 References, 339 Chapter 14 Case Studies 341 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study #1: City of Newport News, VA and the King William Reservoir Project, 342 Case Study #2: Case Study for Regional Water Planning in Texas, 345 Case Study #3: Portland, Oregon, Regional Water Supply Plan, 347 Case Study #4: City of Colorado Springs, Colorado, Integrated Resource Plan, 348 Case Study #5: Denver, Colorado, Metropolitan Area, 349 Case Study #6: Kentucky–American Water Company’s Integrated Resource Plan, 353 Case Study #7: Wichita, Kansas, Integrated Resource Plan, 355 Case Study #8: Ware Creek Reservoir, Virginia, 356 Case Study #9: Southern Nevada Water Authority Integrated Resource Plan, 357 Case Study #10: Eugene, Oregon, Water and Electric Board Water Supply Plan, 361 Appendix A Preliminary Cost Guide for Water Supply Dams 365 . . . . . . Selecting the Appropriate Dam Type, 365 Establishing Dam Profile Layout, 366 Profile Layout and Basis for Estimating Quantity, 367 Earth Fill Dam Assessment—Preliminary Layout and Opinion of Cost, 370 Earth Dam—Opinion of Cost, 372 Appendix B A White Paper From the American Water Works Association Source Water Protection (approved April 11, 1997) 373 . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of Principles, 373 The Road to a Source Water Protection Program, 374 Developing Resources For Source Water Protection, 375 Recommendations, 375 v Appendix C State Wellhead and Source Water Protection Contact List 377 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Index, 379 List of AWWA Manuals, 391 vi Figures 1–1 Water resources planning process, 3 3–1 Information flow in forecast model, 42 3–2 Single family residential—typical seasonal index, Mesa, Ariz., area, 55 3–3 Effect of weather on consumption, typical to Mesa, Ariz., area, 56 3–4 Illustration of single family residence water use model components, water utility in Tualatin Valley Water District, Beaverton, Ore., 59 3–5 Illustration of monthly forecasting with conservation; water utility in Tualatin Valley Water District, Beaverton, Ore., 64 3–6 Total historical forecasts with and without conservation for rapidly growing utility in the Phoenix, Ariz., area (includes system water losses), 65 3–7 Total and indoor water history and projection, excluding water losses, including natural and programmed conservation, for rapidly growing utility in Phoenix, Ariz., area, 66 3–8 Forecasting sensitivity related to joint probability of water use and household projections, 70 3S–1 The International Standard Water Audit Format, 76 5–1 Safe yield of on-stream sites, 100 5–2 Safe yield of pumped-storage sites, 101 6–1 Mean daily per capita water use, 12 study sites, 124 6–2 Indoor per capita use percent by fixture, 12 study sites, 125 6–3 Determine market penetration, 129 6–4 Example of delay downsize facility based on demand forecast accounting for conservation effects, 130 6–5 Benefit–cost analysis methodology, 132 6–6 Demand forecast with and without water conservation, 133 6–7 Wastewater hydrograph, 142 6–8 Supply sized for average month demand, 143 6–9 Supply sized for daily demand, 144 6–10 Integrated/satellite system layout, 149 6–11 Basic electrodialysis unit (adopted from USDI, 1982), 154 6–12 Typical regulatory compliance plan procedure, 161 vii 7–1 Point source pollution, 179 7–2 Nonpoint source pollution, 180 8–1 Model: activities sequence and utilities, 190 8–2 Data–decision hierarchy, 192 8–3 Hydrologic cycle, 196 8–4 Schematic of hydrologic cycle, 198 8–5.1 Developing successful models, step 1: Determine need for a model (Is a model needed?), 219 8–5.2 Developing successful models, step 2: Select a model, 220 8–5.3a Developing successful models, step 3: Build a model, 221 8–5.3b Developing successful models, step 3: Build a model (continued), 222 8–5.3c Developing successful models, step 3: Build a model (continued), 223 8–5.4 Developing successful models, step 4: Calibrate the model, 224 8–5.5 Developing successful models, step 5: Perform sensitivity analysis, 225 8–5.6 Developing successful models, step 6: Use a model, 225 9–1 Permit process flowcharts, 231 11–1 Watershed protection plan development and implementation flowchart, 277 11–2 Watershed area (USEPA, 1997b), 293 11–3 Watershed area—segmented for assessments (USEPA, 1997b), 294 13–1 Integrated resource planning, 318 13–2a Integrated resource planning–why?, 319 13–2b Integrated resource plan, 321 13–3 Water resources management planning study framework, 321 13–4 Example of service reliability probability distribution for a specific future year, 333 13–5 Consideration and ranking of many alternatives is a feature of integrated resource planning, 336 13–6 Determining the optimum (least-cost) level of water supply reliability, 337 13–7 Effect of environmental costs on water supply reliability, 338 A–1 Dam profile layout, 367 A–2 Profile layout for estimating quantity, 368 A–3 Typical RCC dam geometry, 368 viii A–4 RCC unit cost, 369 A–5 Earth fill unit cost, 371 ix