Springer Water Abdelazim M. Negm Gheorghe Romanescu Martina Zeleňáková Editors Water Resources Management in Romania Springer Water Series Editor Andrey G. Kostianoy, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, Russia The book series Springer Water comprises a broad portfolio of multi- and interdisciplinary scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interestedin water-relatedscience.The seriesincludespeer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. Its volumes combine all kinds of water-related research areas, such as: the movement, distribution and quality of freshwater; water resources; the quality and pollution of water and its influence on health; the water industry including drinking water, wastewater, and desalinationservicesandtechnologies;waterhistory;aswellaswatermanagement and the governmental, political, developmental, and ethical aspects of water. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13419 Abdelazim M. Negm Gheorghe Romanescu (cid:129) (cid:129) ňá á Martina Zele kov Editors Water Resources Management in Romania 123 Editors Abdelazim M.Negm Gheorghe Romanescu Faculty of Engineering Faculty of GeographyandGeology Zagazig University University “Alexandru IoanCuza” Zagazig,Egypt Iași,Romania Martina Zeleňáková Technical University of Kosice Košice,Slovakia ISSN 2364-6934 ISSN 2364-8198 (electronic) SpringerWater ISBN978-3-030-22319-9 ISBN978-3-030-22320-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22320-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface The interest in water resources management of hydrographical basins in Romania makes theemphasis onits exploitationverystrong.The subjectofwater resources managementisverywide,andwechosethemosttopicalissuesforRomaniatobe coveredinthisvolume.Itisobviousthatanumberofgoodbooksareavailableon specific parts of the topic, but this book intent to cover much more breadth and depthofthesubject,anditwastheideaofwaterresourcesmanagementinRomania book came about. The book has been treated as the product of teamwork of more than 40 distinguished researchers and scientists from different institutions, aca- demic, and research centers with major concerns regarding water management. This book presents current knowledge on water resources management in Romaniamainlyfromhydrologicalpointofview.Itwillattractresearchers,experts, scientists,practitionersaswellasgraduateoranybodyinterestedinwaterresources management. Sustainable development of water management is based on the principle that water as a natural resource may be utilized only to that extent which ensures future generations sufficient usable supplies of water in the seas, rivers, lakes,andreservoirs,andthatreservescontainedinporousenvironmentsbelowthe surface of the land remain preserved in the same quantity and quality. For this reason,itisnecessarytodevotealltheattentiontotheknowledgeandprotectionof water resources. The book is focused on a wide variety of water resources issues, from hydrology,climate change, water quantity,water quality, water supply, flood protection,hydrologicalhazard,andecosystems.Thebookpresentsstate-of-the-art knowledge that can be effectively used for solving a variety of problems in inte- grated water resources management as well as the latest developments in the research area mainly in Romania. The Water Resources Management in Romania volume consists of 17 chapters andisdividedinto7parts.PartI:“Introducingthebook”waspreparedbyeditors Abdelazim M. Negm from Water and Water Structures Engineering Department, Facultyof Engineering,Zagazig University, MartinaZeleňákováfrom Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University ofKošice,andIonutMineafromDepartmentofGeography,FacultyofGeography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași. v vi Preface PartIIofthebookisdevotedto:“WaterQuality”issues.Chapter2ofthebook “ImplementationofEUWaterFrameworkDirective(2000/60/EC)inRomania —European Qualitative Requirements” outlines the contemporary reality of waterresourcesandthestageoftheirqualityinRomania.Itwaswrittenbyeditorof this book Professor Gheorghe Romanescu and his colleagues Cristian Constantin Stoleriu from Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, and Alin Mihu-Pintilie from Interdisciplinary Research Department, Field Science, all from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași. Chapter 3 “Causes and Effects of WaterPollutioninRomania”paysattentiontowaterqualityinRomania.Itstates that pressures to water are generated by (i) human agglomeration (lack of con- nection to the sewerage system and to the sewage treatment plants); (ii) industry (wastewater discharges); (iii) agriculture (nutrient and pesticide emissions); (iv) hydrotechnical works (dams, dikes, sills, weirs, diversions); and (v) other anthropic activities. This chapter was written by Iuliana Gabriela Breaban from Department of Geography and CERNESIM, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași, and Ana Ioana Breaban from Faculty of Hydrotechnical Engineering, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, Technical University “Gheorghe Asachi” of Iași. In Chap. 4 “Management of Surfaces Water Resources—Ecological Status of the Mureș Waterbody (Superior Mureș Sector), Romania,” the authors assess the ecological status of the water over three sections, Tîrgu Mureş, Ungheni/Mureş, and Iernut, based on the state of the physicochemical and biological elements. The authors of this chapters are FloricaMorarfromIndustrialEngineeringandManagementDepartment,Facultyof Engineering “Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu Mureș, Dana Rus Department of Electrical Engineering and Computers, Faculty of Engineering, “Petru Maior” University of Tîrgu Mureș, and Petru-Dragoș Morar—Ph.D. student at Technical University Bucharest. Part III of the book deals with “Water Supply” topics. Chapter 5 “Water Supply Challenges and Achievements in Constanta County” introduces drink- able water supply systems for which is used mainly groundwater, but also surface water from the Danube. It presents two case studies, one regarding a drinkable water systemandtheotheranirrigation waterpumpingstation.Itwaspreparedby Anca Constantin and Claudiu Ștefan Nițescu from Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ovidius University from Constanta. Chapter 6 “Drinking Water Supply Systems—Evolution Towards Efficiency” is oriented to past, present, and future ofwatersupplysystems,withemphasistowatersupplysystemsinClujCity.Itwas prepared by Ciprian Bacotiu, Cristina Iacob from Building Services Engineering Faculty, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, and Peter Kapalo from Institute of Building and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Košice. Part IV of the book titled “Antropic Influence to Water Resources” includes three chapters. Chapter 7 “The Vulnerability of Water Resources from Eastern Romania to Anthropic Impact and Climate Change” identifies the main issues associated with the anthropic impact and climate change upon the water resources ofEasternRomania,takingintoaccountthesocialandnaturalcharacteristicsofthe Preface vii region. This chapter was written by Ionut Minea from Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași. Chapter 8 “Romanian Danube River Floodplain Functionality Assessment” identified three types of areas that belong to Romanian Danube River floodplain: The first type represents the areas with only agricultural potential, the second type are the areas with potential to be ecologically restored, and the third one is a combination of the first two. The chapter was written by Cristian Trifanov from Informational System and Geomatics Department, Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea; Alin Mihu-Pintilie from Interdisciplinary ResearchDepartment,AlexandruIoanCuzaUniversityofIași;MarianTudorfrom Management Department, Marian Mierla from Informational System and Geomatics Department, Mihai Doroftei from Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources Department and Silviu Covaliov from Ecological Restoration and Species Recovery Department of the Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development, Tulcea. Chapter 9 “Deforestation and Frequency of Floods in Romania” assesses deforested areasintheperiod2000–2016,aswellasthefrequencyoffloodsatthelevelofeach administrative unit from Romania for the same time. It was prepared by Daniel Peptenatu, Alexandra Grecu, Adrian Gabriel Simion, Karina Andreea Gruia, Ion Andronache, Cristian Constantin Draghici, Daniel Constantin Diaconu from Department of Meteorology and Hydrology and Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest. PartVisdevotedtothetopic“Hydrology.”Chapter10“HydrologicalImpacts of Climate Changes in Romania” provides a comprehensive synthesis of studies on hydroclimatic changes in Romania and presents some original results on hydrological responses to climate changes in Valea Cerbului River basin (area of 26 km2) located in the Carpathian Mountains, based on the analysis of historical data and hydrological simulations. The chapter presents the results of the study of authors Liliana Zaharia and Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac from Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, and Elena-Ruth Perju from National Institute of HydrologyandWaterManagement.Chapter11“MonitoringandManagementof WaterintheSiretRiverBasin(Romania)”approachesthemethodologyofwater resources management, and also the purpose of performing different types of measurements(bothquantitativeandqualitative)andmeasurestobetakeninorder toavoidthenegativeeffectsthatcanresultfromtheexploitationoftheseresources. Chapter 12“Water Resources from Romanian Upper Tisa Basin” analyzes and assesses the hydrological regime and the water resources of Upper Tisa Basin. It waspreparedbyGheorgheȘerbanandRăzvanBătinașfromFacultyofGeography, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Daniel Sabău from Romanian Waters NationalAdministration—Someș-TisaRegionalWaterBranch,Cluj-Napoca,Petre BrețcanfromDepartmentofGeography,FacultyofHumanities,ValahiaUniversity in Târgoviște, Elena Ignat from Coțofănești Secondary School in Bacău County, and Simion Nacu from Romanian Waters, National Administration in Bucharest. viii Preface Part VI presents the “Case Studies.” Chapter 13 “Particularities of Drain Liquid in the Small Wetland of Braila Natural Park, Romania” highlights the particularities of the hydrological regime and, especially that of the liquid leakage onthelowercourseofDanube,withinoneofthemanywetlandsalongtheriverto correctly quantify the water intake critical periods, for various uses. The chapter was written by Daniel Constantin Diaconu from Department of Meteorology and Hydrology and Research Center for Integrated Analysis and Territorial Management, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest. Chapter 14 “Assessment of Some Diurnal Streamwater Profiles in Western and Northern Romania in Relation to Meteorological Data” detects the shapes of diurnalprofilesandtheirspatialvariationsbywaterandairmeasurementsthatwere conducted in river valleys of Romania. It was prepared by Andrei-Emil Briciu, Dinu Iulian Oprea, Dumitru Mihăilă, Liliana Gina Lazurca (Andrei), Luciana-Alexandra Costan (Briciu) from Department of Geography, Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava and Petruț-Ionel Bistricean from Suceava Weather Station, National Meteorological Administration. Chapter 15 “Drought and Insolvency: Case Study of the Producer-Buyer Conflict (Romania, the Period BetweentheYears2011–2012)”presentstheimpactofthedroughtrecordedinthe autumn of the year 2011 and the spring of the year 2012 which entailed a drastic reduction in power production provided by hydropower plants, reasons for which the company Hidroelectrica S.A. became unable to distribute power to beneficia- ries. The chapter was prepared by Gheorghe Romanescu and Ionuț Minea from Department of Geography, Faculty of Geography and Geology, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”UniversityofIași.Chapter16“WaterResourcesfromApuseniMountains —Major Coordinates” presents aspects related to the general organization of the availablewaterresources,followedbyanassessmentofthefactorsdeterminingthe water flow, followed the observations related to the water flow parameters. It was prepared by Răzvan Bătinaș and Gheorghe Șerban from Faculty of Geography, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca and Daniel Sabău from Romanian Waters National Administration—Someș-Tisa Regional Water Branch, Cluj-Napoca. Thelast,seventh,partofthisbookpresents“Conclusion”andwaspreparedby editors of this book. Wewouldlikeexpressspecialthankstoallwhocontributedtothishigh-quality volumewhichpresentsarealsourceofknowledgeandlatestfindingsinthefieldof WaterResources ManagementofRomania.Wewouldliketothankalltheauthors fortheircontributions.Withouttheirpatienceandeffortinwritingandrevisingthe differentversionstosatisfythehigh-qualitystandardsofSpringer,itwouldnothave beenpossibletoproducethisvolumeandmakeitareality.Muchappreciationand great thanks are also owed to the editors of the Environmental Earth Science book series at Springer for the constructive comments, advices, and the critical reviews. Acknowledgments must be extended to include all members of the Springer team who haveworked longandhardtoproduce thisvolume.Webelieve thatthebook will be a valuable source of information, knowledge and experiences for the aca- demics, practitioners, researchers, graduate students, and scientists not only in Romania. Preface ix The volume editor would be happy to receive any comments to improve future editions. Comments, feedback, suggestions for improvement, or new chapters for next editions are welcomed and should be sent directly to the volume editors. The emailsoftheeditorscanbefoundinsidethebooksatthefootnoteoftheirchapters. Thebook isespeciallydevotedtouniversityProf. GheorgheRomanescu, editor of this book, an eminent teacher and researcher in field of water geography, who unexpectedlyhasleftusonOctober3,2018,duringtheprocessingofthisvolume. We appreciate his great effort in invitation of the authors because without his contribution and hard work, the book would not arouse. WewouldclosetheprefacebythestatementofHeraclitus“Nomaneverstepsin thesamerivertwice, foritisnotthesameriver andheisnotthesameman.”and statement of Cehov “Everything must be beautiful in man, from the face to the clothing, from the soul to the thought.” Zagazig, Egypt Abdelazim M. Negm Iași, Romania Ionut Minea Košice, Slovakia Martina Zeleňáková March 2019