http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html WATER FOR THE FUTURE T W B G S , HE EST ANK AND AZA TRIP I , J SRAEL AND ORDAN Committee on Sustainable Water Supplies for the Middle East Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Palestine Academy for Science and Technology Royal Scientific Society, Jordan U.S. National Academy of Sciences NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS Washington, D.C. 1999 Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council and by competent authorities of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, the Royal Scientific Society of Jordan, and the Palestine Acad- emy for Science and Technology. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the Casey Program Fund and the Arthur Day Program Fund of the U.S. National Research Council Fund. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recom- mendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organization that provided support for this project. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 97-80489 International Standard Book Number 0-309-06421-X Additional copies of this report are available from: National Academy Press 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-264-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu Cover art: Watercolor by Marc Castelli, Chestertown, Md., after photograph by David Policansky. Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html COMMITTEE ON SUSTAINABLE WATER SUPPLIES FOR THE MIDDLE EAST GILBERT F. WHITE, Chair, University of Colorado, Boulder YOUSIF ATALLA ABU-SAFIEH, State Ministry for Environmental Affairs, Palestinian National Authority, Gaza AYMAN A. AL-HASSAN, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan RADWAN A. AL-WESHAH, University of Jordan, Amman KAREN ASSAF, Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Palestinian Water Authority, El Bireh/Ramallah, West Bank YORAM AVNIMELECH, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa EDITH BROWN WEISS, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C. CHARLES D.D. HOWARD, Charles Howard and Associates, Ltd., Victoria, British Columbia IRWIN H. KANTROWITZ, U.S. Geological Survey (retired), Tallahassee, Florida RAYMOND LOEHR, The University of Texas, Austin AYMAN I. RABI, Palestinian Hydrology Group, Shufat-Jerusalem URIEL N. SAFRIEL, Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Sede Boqer Campus of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel ELIAS SALAMEH, University of Jordan, Amman JOSEPH SHALHEVET, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan, Israel HENRY J. VAUX, JR., University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland Staff SHEILA D. DAVID, Senior Program Officer, NRC Water Science and Technology Board (through 7/97); Consultant (through 12/98) DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Senior Program Officer, NRC Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology MICHAEL P. GREENE, Director, Middle East Programs, NRC Office of International Affairs JEANNE AQUILINO, Administrative Associate, NRC Water Science and Technology Board iii Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES The Israel Academy consists of seventy of Israel’s most distinguished scientists and scholars. It is managed by a council consisting of a presi- dent, vice-president, chairmen for the sciences and the humanities, and an executive director. The president is appointed directly by the presi- dent of the state, upon the recommendation of the Academy council. Professor Jacob Ziv is the current president. The governing regulations of the Academy are self-determined, in consultation with the minster of education and culture. The Academy is divided into two major sections: natural sciences and humanities. Both share equal responsibility in con- ducting the Academy’s affairs. The Israel Academy represents the Israeli scientific community in national and international fora. It also initiates and sponsors selected scholarly projects, conferences and publications, often in conjunction with academic bodies abroad. The Academy also founded and provides ad- ministrative support to the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), and adminis- ters several other privately sponsored national grants and scholarship programs. PALESTINE ACADEMY FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The Palestine Academy for Science and Technology is an autono- mous, government-supervised, non-profit organization that is mandated to represent the Palestinian national instrument for making strategic in- vestment in Palestine’s capability and potential in science and technol- ogy, in that science and technology should impact the Palestinian na- tional economy and improve the quality of life for all Palestinians. As such, the Academy represents the Palestinian commitment to respond to the science and technology and research and development needs of the Palestinian private and public sectors. In this role, the Academy repre- sents the focal point to a wide scientific and technological Palestinian network that is geared towards capacity building of the Palestinian R&D; promotion and application of science and technology as a tool for socio- economic development; and advising the government on science and tech- nology issues. ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY, JORDAN The Royal Scientific Society (RSS) was established in 1970 in accor- dance with a Royal Decree. Since its inception, His Royal Highness Crown iv Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html Prince El-Hassan has sponsored its march and was chairman of its Board of Trustees. In April 1987 the Higher Council for Science and Technology (HCST) was established under the chairmanship of His Royal Highness Crown Prince El-Hassan. HCST replaced the RSS Board of Trustees and RSS became one of its affiliated institutions. RSS is a nonprofit institution enjoying financial and administrative independence. It aims at conducting scientific and technological research and development work related to the development process in Jordan with special attention to industrial research and services. It also aims at dis- seminating awareness in the scientific and technological fields and at providing specialized technical consultations and services to the public and private sectors. It seeks to develop scientific and technological coop- eration with similar institutions within the Arab world and internation- ally. U.S. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self- perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technol- ogy and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and techni- cal matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organiza- tion of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The Na- tional Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appro- priate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify v Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Acad- emy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the princi- pal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the govern- ment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council. vi Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html Acknowledgments Many individuals assisted the committee in its task by participating in committee meetings, helping to plan field trips, and providing back- ground information. The committee is especially thankful to the partici- pants from the science academies and councils who met September 4-5, 1995 in Amman, Jordan, and agreed upon a scope of work. They are as follows: Mr. Sami Abbasi Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan Dr. Ali Al Ghazawi Royal Scientific Society, Jordan Dr. Bruce M. Alberts, President U.S. National Academy of Sciences Dr. Lindsay H. Allen University of California, Davis Dr. Sa’id Alloush, President Royal Scientific Society, Jordan Dr. Fathi Arafat, President Palestine Higher Health Council vii Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dr. Khaled Elshuraydeh Deputy Secretary General Higher Council for Science and Technology, Jordan Dr. David L. Freyberg, Stanford University Chair, Water Science and Technology Board (July 1994–June 1997) U.S. National Research Council Mr. Ahmed Hatamleh Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Jordan Dr. Naim A. Ismail, Executive Director Environmental Health Central Unit Palestinian Higher Health Council Professor Ibrahim Khatib Jordan University for Science and Technology Dr. Hani Mulki, President (May 1989–June 1997) Royal Scientific Society of Jordan Dr. F. Sherwood Rowland, Foreign Secretary U.S. National Academy of Sciences Dr. Kenneth I. Shine, President Institute of Medicine U.S. National Academy of Sciences Professor Menahem Yaari, Vice President Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities Dr. Meir Zadok, Director Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities The committee would also like to express appreciation to others who attended committee meetings and provided background information, those who assisted in making arrangements for the field trips, and the hosts for the committee meetings. They are: Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix February 14-16, 1996, Meeting Washington, D.C. Dr. James Crook, Black & Veatch Consulting Engineers, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Dr. Jeffrey Goodsen, Agency for International Development, Washington, D.C., USA Dr. Daniel Okun, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Dr. Alexander McPhail, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA Dr. Roy Popkin, Consultant, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA Dr. Aaron Wolf, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA June 17-19, 1996, Meeting Amman, Jordan Dr. Munther Haddadin, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan Dr. Uri Shamir, Water Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Participants for Field Trip Mr. Mohammed Abu Taha, ZAI Water Works Mr. Faza Saleh, King Abdullah Canal Hosts Dr. Hani Mulki, President, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan (1989-1997) Dr. Sa’id Alloush, Vice President, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan Ms. Samar Al-Rabadi, Royal Scientific Society, Amman, Jordan September 18-20, 1996, Meeting Haifa, Israel Participants for Field Trip Dr. Aric Belkind, Regional Water Council Dr. Jonathan Ben Zur, Mekoroth Water Company, Ltd. Dr. Giora Shacham, Tznobar Company Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003 http://books.nap.edu/catalog/6031.html x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Hosts Dr. Yoram Avnimelech, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Ms. Sandra Hesseg, Water Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Professor Israela Ravina, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Dr. Uri Shamir, Water Research Institute, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Dr. Zehev Tador, President, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa Dr. Meir Zadok, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, Israel REVIEWERS This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures ap- proved by the NRC’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The con- tent of the review comments and draft manuscripts remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Khairy Al Jamal, Palestinian Water Authority Kenneth J. Arrow, Stanford University, Stanford, California Nathan Buras, University of Arizona, Tucson Ingrid C. Burke, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins Paul L. Busch, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, New York John Cairns, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Emeritus) Hazim El-Naser, Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Amman, Jordan Wilford R. Gardner, University of California, Berkeley (Retired) Philip E. LaMoreaux, LaMoreaux & Associates, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama Thomas C. Schelling, University of Maryland, College Park Yossi Segal, Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities A. Dan Tarlock, IIT Chicago Kent College of Law, Chicago, Illinois While the individuals listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC. Copyright © 2003 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF File provided by the National Academies Press (www.nap.edu) for research purposes are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Distribution, posting, or copying is strictly prohibited without written permission of the NAP. Generated for [email protected] on Tue Aug 26 05:59:35 2003