116 1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 1/2 2.08 4.16 8.7 14.8 23.5 43 3/4 0.51 1.02 2.2 3.7 5.73 10.5 20.1 42.5 1 0.1 0.55 0.68 1.15 1.72 3.17 6.02 12.8 21.8 32.9 46.1 1-1/4 0.03 0.14 0.19 0.31 0.44 0.81 1.55 3.28 5.59 8.45 11.9 20.2 30.5 45.6 1-1/2 0.07 0.08 0.13 0.22 0.38 0.72 1.53 2.61 3.95 5.53 9.43 14.3 20 28.6 36.7 2 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.21 0.45 0.76 1.15 1.62 2.75 4.16 5.84 7.76 9.94 15.1 34.8 59.3 2-1/2 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.19 0.32 0.49 0.68 1.16 1.75 2.46 3.27 4.19 6.33 13.4 25.0 37.8 46.1 3 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.4 0.6 0.85 1.13 1.44 2.18 4.63 7.88 11.9 18.4 40.1 4 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.3 0.38 0.58 1.22 2.08 3.15 4.41 7.52 5 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.13 0.19 0.4 0.69 1.05 1.46 2.49 3.76 6 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.08 0.16 0.28 0.43 0.6 1.01 1.53 Pipe Diameter (inches) Flow (GPM) Pipe Friction Loss Chart - Head loss in feet per 100 feet of Schedule 40 PVC pipe RPM for Feet PSI 1/8" 3/16" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 7/16" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 7/8" 1.0" 4" Turbine 5 2.2 - - - - 6.18 8.4 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 460 10 4.3 - - 3.88 6.05 8.75 11.6 15.6 24.2 35 47.6 62.1 650 15 6.5 - 2.68 4.76 7.4 10.7 14.6 19 29.7 42.8 58.2 76 800 20 8.7 1.37 3.09 5.49 8.56 12.4 16.8 22 34.3 49.4 67.3 87.8 925 30 13 1.68 3.78 6.72 10.5 15.1 20.6 26.9 42 60.5 82.4 107 1140 40 17.3 1.94 4.37 7.76 12.1 17.5 23.8 31.1 48.5 69.9 95.1 124 1310 50 21.7 2.17 4.88 8.68 13.6 19.5 26.6 34.7 54.3 78.1 106 139 1470 60 26 2.38 5.35 9.51 14.8 21.4 29.1 38 59.4 85.6 117 152 1600 80 34.6 2.75 6.18 11 17.1 24.7 33.6 43.9 68.6 98.8 135 176 1850 100 43.3 3.07 6.91 12.3 19.2 27.6 36.6 49.1 76.7 111 150 196 2070 120 52 3.36 7.56 13.4 21 30.3 41.2 53.8 84.1 121 165 215 2270 150 65 3.76 8.95 15 23.5 33.8 46 60.1 93.9 135 184 241 2540 200 86.6 4.34 9.77 17.4 27.1 39.1 53.2 69.4 109 156 213 278 2930 250 108 4.86 10.9 19.9 30.3 43.6 59.4 77.6 121 175 238 311 3270 300 130 5.32 12 21.3 33.2 47.8 65.1 85.1 133 191 261 340 3590 400 173 6.14 13.8 24.5 38.3 55.2 75.2 98.2 154 221 301 393 4140 Head Nozzle Diameter Pipe Loss Chart Use the chart below to determine what pipe size is required to efficiently allow necessary flow for your power need. Once you know the required flow for your system (gpm), find the head loss for various pipe sizes. Multiply the head loss number by the length of the pipe divided by 100 and you will get the loss of head for that pipe size. The actual head minus the head loss will give you the effective head in the system. Flow Through Nozzles The chart below shows flow through various nozzles in GPM at a range of heads from 5 feet to 400 feet. Use chart to choose what nozzle size to use and how many nozzles a turbine must have to give the required flow to use all of the water available in the system Water Flow Information for Pumping and Hydroelectric Design 117 75°C (167°F) 90°C (194°F) 75°C (167°F) 90°C (194°F) *14 20 25 *12 25 30 20 25 *10 35 40 30 35 8 50 55 40 45 6 65 75 50 60 4 85 95 65 75 2 115 130 90 100 1 130 150 100 115 1/0 150 170 120 135 2/0 175 195 135 150 3/0 200 225 155 175 4/0 230 260 180 205 Copper Conductor Temp. Rating Aluminum Cond. Temp. Rating Wire Size (AWG) 75°F insul. 90°F insul. 31-35C 87-95F 0.94 0.96 36-40C 96-104F 0.88 0.91 41-45C 105-113F 0.82 0.87 46-50C 114-122F 0.75 0.82 51-55C 123-131F 0.67 0.76 56-60C 132-140F 0.58 0.71 Temperature Range AMPS #14 #12 #10 #8 #6 #4 #2 1/0 2/0 4/0 1 45 70 115 180 290 456 720 2 22.5 35 57.5 90 145 228 360 580 720 1060 4 10 17.5 27.5 45 72.5 114 180 290 360 580 6 7.5 12 17.5 30 47.5 75 120 193 243 380 8 5.5 8.5 15 22.5 35.5 57 90 145 180 290 10 4.5 7 12 18 28.5 45.5 72.5 115 145 230 15 3 4.5 7 12 19 30 48 76.5 96 150 20 2 3.5 5.5 9 14.5 22.5 36 57.5 72.5 116 25 1.8 2.8 4.5 7 11.5 18 29 46 58 92 30 1.5 2.4 3.5 6 9.5 15 24 38.5 48.5 77 40 2.8 4.5 7 11.5 18 29 36 56 50 2.3 3.6 5.5 9 14.5 23 29 46 100 2.9 4.6 7.2 11.5 14.5 23 150 4.8 7.7 9.7 15 200 3.6 5.8 7.3 11 12 VOLT 2% WIRE LOSS CHART Maximum distance one-way in feet of various gauge two conductor copper wire from power source to load for 2% voltage drop in a 12 volt system. Do not exceed the 2% drop for wire between PV modules and batter- ies. A 4 to 5% loss is acceptable between batteries and lighting circuits in most cases. Multiply distances by 2 fpr 24 volts and by 4 for 48 volts. Maximum Ampacities for Copper & Aluminum Wire Allowable ampacities of conductors (wires) in conduit, raceway, cable or directly buried, based on ambient temperature of 30°C (86°F). NEC allows rounding up cable ampacity to next size standard fuse or breaker. Temperature Correction Factors For ambient temps. above 30°C (86°F), multiply the allowable ampacities shown at left by the appropriate factor shown below: * The national electrical code (NEC) specifies that the overcurrent protection device not exceed 30A for 10 AWG wire, 20A for 12 AWG wire and 15A for 14 AWG wire.