Ecological Studies 236 Takeshi Ohta Tetsuya Hiyama Yoshihiro Iijima Ayumi Kotani Trofi m C. Maximov Editors Water-Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia Ecological Studies Analysis and Synthesis Volume 236 Series editors Josep G. Canadell Canberra, Australia Sandra D´ıaz Cordoba, Argentina Gerhard Heldmaier Marburg, Germany Robert B. Jackson Stanford, California, USA Delphis F. Levia Newark, Delaware, USA Ernst-Detlef Schulze Jena, Germany Ulrich Sommer Kiel, Germany David A. Wardle Singapore, Singapore EcologicalStudiesisSpringer’spremierbookseriestreatingallaspectsofecology. Thesevolumes,eitherauthoredoreditedcollections,appearseveraltimeseachyear. They are intended to analyze and synthesize our understanding of natural and managed ecosystems and their constituent organisms and resources at different scales from the biosphere to communities, populations, individual organisms and molecular interactions. 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Maximov Editors Water-Carbon Dynamics in Eastern Siberia Editors TakeshiOhta TetsuyaHiyama GraduateSchoolofBioagricultural InstituteforSpace-EarthEnvironmental Sciences Research NagoyaUniversity NagoyaUniversity Nagoya,Aichi,Japan Nagoya,Aichi,Japan YoshihiroIijima AyumiKotani GraduateSchoolofBioresources GraduateSchoolofBioagriculturalSciences MieUniversity NagoyaUniversity Tsu,Mie,Japan Nagoya,Aichi,Japan TrofimC.Maximov InstituteforBiologicalProblemsof Cryolithozone RussianAcademyofSciences Yakutsk,Yakutiya-SahaRepublic,Russia ISSN0070-8356 ISSN2196-971X (electronic) EcologicalStudies ISBN978-981-13-6316-0 ISBN978-981-13-6317-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6317-7 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface This publication is the first to describe the processes of ecohydrology, permafrost hydrology,meteorology,andclimatologyinthecontextofwater,energy,andcarbon exchanges in the Arctic circumpolar region of eastern Siberia. The material presented in this work represents the culmination of our extensive research in this region.Inthispreface,wewilldescribetheobjectivesandoutcomesofsomeofthese researchprojectsandprovideashorthistoryofourmainobservationalsite. In the 1990s, an international and multidisciplinary research collaboration was initiatedinYakutsk,SakhaRepublic(Yakutia),Russia,tostudyenvironmentaland climatechangesineasternSiberia.ThisinitiativewaspartoftheGlobalEnergyand Water Exchanges (GEWEX) Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) project, which was planned within the framework of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The GAME project comprised several regional projects focusing on Southeast Asia, East Asia, the Tibetan Plateau, and north-eastern Eurasia and was conducted mainly by the Japanese research community in collaboration with researchers from other Asian countries. GAME–Siberiafocused ontheLenaRiver BasinineasternSiberia,wheretheAsianwintermonsoonoriginates.TheGAME– Siberiaprojectwasthefirstinternationalandexperimentalcampaigninthisregion, and its purpose was to improve our understanding of land surface processes, including ecohydrology and river hydrology, under changing climate conditions. Toachievethisobjective,aground-basedobservationnetworkwasestablished,and atmospheric observations, satellite remote sensing data analysis, and land surface and hydrological (river discharge) modelling studies were conducted. The project hasgreatlycontributedtoourknowledgeofthesesystemsandhasbecomeafocus forresearchonthelandsurfaceprocessesofcoldregions. ThemainGAME–SiberiaexperimentalsitewastheSpasskayaPad(SPA)station located near Yakutsk, where we established a flux tower through Russian and v vi Preface Japanese collaboration in 1996. The SPA station was subsequently used to collect dataforseveralJapanese-fundedresearchprojects:CoreResearchforEvolutionary Science and Technology/Water, Energy and Carbon Cycles in Northern Forests (CREST/WECNoF), Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN)–Siberia, and Green Network of Excellence (GRENE) Arctic Climate Change Research Project–Terrestrial Ecosystem in the Arctic (TEA). Through these projects, the SPAstationbecamethecentralbaseineasternSiberiafortaigaforestmeteorological and hydrological observations. Many significant findings have been obtained through observations of the permafrost–vegetation hydrological cycle. The SPA stationwasthusrecognisedgloballyasthemostimportantlocationfordevelopment and verification of land surface models of the cryolithozone, especially over a continuous permafrost region. In recent years, the site has been recognised as an international collaboration site for the Arctic Challenge for Sustainability (ArCS) project,anditcontinuestoprovidemeteorological andhydrologicaldatasetsunder thechangingclimateoftheArcticcircumpolarregion.Furthermore,thestationisa memberofinternational researchnetworksincludingtheInternational Networkfor Terrestrial Research and Monitoring in the Arctic (INTERACT) and Changing Permafrost in the Arctic and its Global Effects in the 21st Century (PAGE21). Observation data obtained at the SPA station are freely distributed through FLUXNETandthePhenologicalEyesNetwork(PEN). The unique and long-term consecutive datasets obtained at the SPA station in easternSiberiahavethereforebeenwidelyusedbyinternational researchers.Espe- ciallyinthe2000s,itwasrecognisedthatchangesinmeteorologicalandhydrolog- ical variables represented large-scale humidification in conjunction with climate change in the Arctic circumpolar region. The large amount of data accumulated at theSPAstationdescribestheeffectsofdecliningprocessesinborealforests,aswell as recent and ongoing climate changes. This book is therefore intended as a milestoneofourachievements. Inpreparationforthepublicationofthiswork,akick-offeditingworkshop(the ISEE/CICR International Workshop) was conducted from 19 to 21 January, 2017, with the support of the Joint Research Program of the Center for International Collaborative Research (CICR) of the Institute for Space–Earth Environmental Research (ISEE) at Nagoya University. The editors thank the ISEE, Nagoya Uni- versity, as well as all research agencies and institutes that supported the research activitiesdescribedabove.Finally,wethankDr.TetsuzoYasunari,DirectorGeneral of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Dr. Yoshihiro Fukushima, Emeritus Professor of the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature; Professor Tetsuo Ohata of the National Institute of Polar Research; Professor Boris Ivanov, Director of the Institute for Biological Problems of Cryolithozone of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; and Professor Rostislav Kamensky, Director of the Permafrost Institute of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences for their extraordinary leadership in establishing the research partnership Preface vii betweenRussiaandJapan,aswellasforfundingourresearchprojects.Inaddition, wethankthemanyinternationalresearcherswhoengagedinourprojectsdescribed above. Nagoya,Japan TakeshiOhta Nagoya,Japan TetsuyaHiyama Tsu,Japan YoshihiroIijima Nagoya,Japan AyumiKotani Yakutsk,Russia TrofimC.Maximov Contents 1 WaterandCarbonDynamicsinEasternSiberia: Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 TakeshiOhta,TrofimC.Maximov,AlexanderN.Fedorov, andAlexeyR.Desyatkin 2 AtmosphericWaterCycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 KazuhiroOshimaandKojiYamazaki 3 WaterCyclesinForests. . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. 43 AyumiKotaniandTakeshiOhta 4 CarbonCyclesinForests. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 69 TrofimC.Maximov,AyaalP.Maksimov,AlexanderV.Kononov, AyumiKotani,andA.JohannesDolman 5 MethaneandBiogenicVolatileOrganicCompound EmissionsinEasternSiberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 JacobusvanHuissteden 6 StableIsotopesofWaterinPermafrostEcosystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 AtsukoSugimoto 7 Water-CarbonCycleinDendrochronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 ShunsukeTeiandAtsukoSugimto 8 Permafrost-ForestDynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 YoshihiroIijimaandAlexanderN.Fedorov 9 RiverDischarge. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 207 TetsuyaHiyama,ShigemiHatta,andHotaekPark 10 RemoteSensingofVegetation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 ShinNagai,HidekiKobayashi,andRikieSuzuki ix x Contents 11 RemoteSensingofTerrestrialWater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 KazuyoshiSuzukiandKojiMatsuo 12 Carbon-WaterCycleModeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 HotaekParkandTakeshiYamazaki 13 WaterandCarbonDynamicsinEasternSiberia: ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 TakeshiOhtaandTetsuyaHiyama Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303