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Wastewater management for irrigation : principles and practices PDF

462 Pages·2016·8.51 MB·English
by  Goyal
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WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATION Principles and Practices Research Advances in Sustainable Micro Irrigation VOLUME 8 WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT FOR IRRIGATION Principles and Practices Edited by Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE and Vinod K. Tripathi, PhD CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2016 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20150826 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-120-3 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For information about Apple Academic Press product http://www.appleacademicpress.com CONTENTS List of Contributors ....................................................................................vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................xi List of Symbols ..........................................................................................xiii Preface .....................................................................................................xvii Warning/Disclaimer ................................................................................xxiii About the Senior Editor-in-Chief ..............................................................xxv About the Co-editor .................................................................................xxvii Book Endorsements .................................................................................xxvii Other Books on Micro Irrigation by Apple Academic Press Inc. .................xxix PART I: IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT .......................................................1 1. Quality of Irrigation Water Resources: Egypt ........................................3 A. S. El-Henawy, M. R. Khalifa, and M. M. Saffan 2. Emitter Clogging: A Menace to Drip Irrigation ....................................25 Vishal K. Chavan 3. Mechanism of Emitter Clogging: A Review ...........................................37 Vishal K. Chavan, S. K. Deshmukh, and M. B. Nagdeve 4. Management of Emitter Clogging with Municipal Wastewater ..........81 A. Capra and B. Scicolone 5. Role of Micro Irrigation Filters and Farm Wastewater Treatment to Improve the Performance of Emitters ...............................................97 Antonina Capra PART II: CURRENT STATUS OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT .....145 6. Reuse of Municipal Wastewater for Agricultural Irrigation: A Review ..................................................................................................147 Juan C. Durán–Álvarez and Blanca Jiménez–Cisneros vi Contents 7. Microorganism Contamination in Crops Grown with Wastewater Irrigation: A Review ...............................................................................227 Prerna Prasad and Vinod Kumar Tripathi 8. Present Status of Wastewater Generation, Disposal and Reuse Challenges For Agriculture ...................................................................243 Vinod Kumar Tripathi 9. Impact of Semi-Arid Climate on Wastewater Quality Parameters .......261 Vinod Kumar Tripathi PART III: WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .....................283 10. Quality of Municipal Wastewater for Micro Irrigation ......................285 Vinod K. Tripathi, T. B. S. Rajput, Neelam Patel, and Lata 11. Biometric Response of Eggplant Under Sustainable Micro Irrigation with Municipal Wastewater .................................................301 Vinod Kumar Tripathi, T.B.S. Rajput, Neelam Patel, and Pradeep Kumar 12. Cost–Benefit Analysis of Wastewater Reuse in Micro Irrigation.......317 Sushil Kumar Shukla and Ashutosh Tripathi 13. Evaluation of Micro Irrigation with Municipal Wastewater .............337 Vinod Kumar Tripathi, T. B. S. Rajput, Neelam Patel, and Lata 14. Effects of Water Quality on Performance of Potato ...........................353 H. A. A. Mansour and Cs. Gyuricza 15. Effects of Treated Wastewater on Water Use Efficiency of Potato .......367 H. A. A. Mansour, M. S. Gaballah, M. Abd El-Hady, and Ebtisam I. Eldardiry 16. Soil Evaporation from Drip Irrigated Maize Field .............................381 Hossein Dehghanisanij and Hanieh Kosari Appendices ...............................................................................................405 Index .........................................................................................................427 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS A. Capra, PhD Professor, Department of Agro-Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Reggio Calabria Mediterranean University, Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy. E-mail: [email protected] Vishal Keshavao Chavan, PhD Assistant Professor and Senior Research Fellow in SWE, Agriculture University, Akola, Maharashtra, India, Website: www.pdkv.ac.in; E-mail: [email protected] Hossein Dehghanisanij, PhD Associate Professor in Irrigation and Drainage Engineering; Head, Irrigation Systems Research Department Agricultural Engineering Research Institute (AERI), P.O. Box 31585–845, Karaj, Iran. Tel: +98-26-32705320, Fax: +98-26-32706277, Mobile: +98-912-167-5238. E-mail: dehghanisanij@ yahoo.com Santosh K. Deshmukh, PhD Chief Coordinator, Sustainability (Jalgaon Area – India Environmental Services), Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd, Jain Plastic Park, N.H. No. 6, Bambhori, Jalgaon 425001, Maharashtra, India. Tel.: +91–257–2258011, Fax +91–257–2258111, E-mail: [email protected], Visit at: www.jains.com Juan C. Durán-Álvarez, PhD Postdoc Fellow, Center of Applied Science and Technological Development, and Engineering Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 3000 Uni. Ave., Coyoacan, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Ebtisam I. Eldardiry, I., PhD Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, Agricultural Division and National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] M. Abd El-Hady, PhD Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, Agricultural Division and National Research Center, 12311 El-Dokki, Giza, Cairo, Egypt. [email protected] Ahmed S. El-Henawy, PhD Associate Professor of Soil Physics, and Chairman of Soils and Water Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University Kafr El-Sheikh Egypt. Tel.: +204-73232762 (off.); Mobile: +201-006342335, E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] M. S. Gaballah, PhD WRFI Department, Agricultural Division, National Research Center, 12311 El-Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Megh R. Goyal, PhD, PE Retired Professor in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering from General Engineering Department, University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., PO Box 86, Rincon, PR 00677, USA. E-mail: [email protected] Cs. Gyuricza, PhD Institute of Crop Production, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science. SZIU, 2103 Godollo, Hungary. E-mail: [email protected] viii List of Contributors Marvin E. Jensen, PhD, PE Retired Research Leader at USDA – ARS. 1207 Spring Wood Drive, Fort Collins, Colorado 80525, USA, E-mail: [email protected] Blanca Jiménez–Cisneros, PhD International Hydrological Program (IHP), UNESCO, 1 Miollis St., 75732 Paris, France, E-mail: [email protected] M. R. Khalifa, PhD Soils and Water Science Department, Fac. of Agric., Kafrelsheikh Univ., Egypt H. Kosari, M.Sc. Department of Irrigation and reclamation Engineering, Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] Pradeep Kumar, PhD Scientist, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India Lata, PhD Scientist, Water Technology Center (WTC), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India Hani A. A. Mansour, PhD Researcher, WRFI Department, Agriculture Division, National Research Center, El-Behouth St., Eldokki, Giza, Postal Code 12311, Cairo, Egypt. Tel.: +201-068989517 and +201-123355393. E-mail: [email protected] V. M., Mayande, PhD Ex-Vice Chancellor, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 444104, Maharashtra, India. Phone: +91-9423174299, E-mail: [email protected] Miguel A. Muñoz-Muñoz, PhD Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus, College of Agriculture Sciences, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, PR. 00681–9000. Tel.: 787–265–3871, E-mail: [email protected] Neelam Patel, PhD Senior Scientist, Water Technology Center (WTC), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India, E-mail: [email protected] Prerna Prasad, PhD Post graduate scholar, Water Policy and Governance, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India, E-mail: [email protected] T. B. S. Rajput, PhD Principal Scientist, Water Technology Center (WTC), Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Delhi 110012, India, E-mail: [email protected] M. M. Saffan, PhD Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. http://www.kfs.edu.eg/ B. Scicolone, PhD Professor, Department of Agro-forestry and Environmental Sciences, Reggio Calabria Mediterranean University, Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy List of Contributors ix Gajendra Singh, PhD Former Vice President, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. C-86, Millennium Apartments, Plot E-10A, Sector - 61, NOIDA, U.P., 201301, India, Mobile: (011)-(91) 9971087591, E-mail: prof. [email protected] R. K. Sivanappan, PhD Former Professor and Dean, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore. Mailing address: Consultant, 14, Bharathi Park, 4th Cross Road, Coimbatore-641043, India. E-mail: [email protected] Sushil Kumar Shukla, PhD Assistant Professor, Center of Environmental Science, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India, Ph.No.+91–8969271817, E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Ashutosh Tripathi, PhD Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida 125, Uttar Pradesh-201303, India. E-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Vinod Kumar Tripathi, PhD Assistant Professor, Center for Water Engineering and Management, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Loharghat road, Brambe, Ranchi, Jharkhand – 835205, India, Mobile: +918987661439; E-mail: [email protected]

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The reuse of wastewater in irrigation is being practiced only recently to solve water scarcity problems in agriculture. Management of water, soil, crop, and operational procedures, including precautions to protect farm workers, play an important role in the successful use of sewage effluent for irri
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