WASTE MANAGEMENT FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRIES Food Science and Technology International Series Series Editor Steve L. Taylor University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Advisory Board Ken Buckle The University of New South Wales, Australia Mary Ellen Camire University of Maine, USA Roger Clemens University of Southern California, USA Hildegarde Heymann University of California – Davis, USA Robert Hutkins University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA Ron S. Jackson Quebec, Canada Huub Lelieveld Bilthoven, The Netherlands Daryl B. Lund University of Wisconsin, USA Connie Weaver Purdue University, USA Ron Wrolstad Oregon State University, USA A complete list of books in this series appears at the end of this volume. Waste Management for the Food Industries Authored by Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis (Dr, Ph.D.) Associate Professor University of Thessaly Greece Amsterdam •Boston •Heidelberg •London •New York •Oxford Paris •San Diego •San Francisco •Singapore •Sydney •Tokyo Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK First edition 2008 Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 843830; fax ((cid:2)44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9780123736543 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at http://books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www.charontec.com Printed and bound in the United States of America 08 09 10 11 12 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my wife for her unfailing support and affection throughout the long preparation of this book To my three children (Iason, Artemis-Eleni, Nefeli-Kallisti) for their warm-hearted smiles I.S. ARVANITOYANNIS This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv PART 1 Environmental Management Systems: Applications and Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Potential and Representatives for Application of Environmental Management System (EMS) to Food Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Current state of Environmental Management System (EMS) implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Emissions and wastewater management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Food industry and agricultural waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Beverage industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fruit and vegetable industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Meat and poultry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Agricultural waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Effects of pollution on organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Glass, chemicals and other products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Environmental attitudes and politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Progress in alternative energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Environmental impact assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 ISO 14000: A Promising New System for Environmental Management or Just Another Illusion? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis Introduction of ISO 14000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 The emergence of global environmental awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 viii Contents Environmental management systems (EMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Benefits of implementing ISO 14000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ISO 14000: a new approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ISO 14001: what it is and what it is not . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Similarity of ISO 14000 to other programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Applications of ISO 14000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ISO 14000 and banks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ISO 14000 and governments/education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ISO 14001 implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 ISO 14010 – Environmental auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Brief presentation of new ISO 14001:2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Overview of case studies reported on implementation of ISO 14001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3 ISO 14040: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – Principles and Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis The concept of LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 The structure of LCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Examples of LCA studies on food production systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 LCA case studies reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 LCA in the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 PART 2 Environmental Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 4 Presentation and Comments on EU Legislation Related to Food Industries – Environment Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis, Persefoni Tserkezou and Stefania Choreftaki Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Topics/categories covered under EU legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5 Presentation and Comments on USA and Canada Legislation Related to Food Industries – Environment Interactions . . . . . . . . . . 289 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Persefoni Tserkezou Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 US legislation for environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Canadian legislation for environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 PART 3 Waste Treatment Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 6 Food Waste Treatment Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis, Aikaterini Kassaveti and Demetrios Ladas Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Contents ix PART 4 Waste Treatment Methodologies of Foods of Plant Origin . . . . . . . 411 7 Wine Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis, Demetrios Ladas and Athanasios Mavromatis Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Wine waste treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 Main applications/constituents to be exploited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 8 Olive Oil Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Aikaterini Kassaveti Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Olive oil production process and properties of OMW . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 Treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Disadvantages of several olive oil waste treatment methods . . . . . . . . 539 Inputs and outputs in olive oil industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 9 Fruit/Fruit Juice Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570 Treatment of industrial water effluents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Uses of fruit wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 Comparison of waste treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 10 Cereal Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Persefoni Tserkezou Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 Treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 Uses of wheat, corn, rice, barley and oat wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 11 Vegetable Waste Management: Treatment Methods and Potential Uses of Treated Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis and Theodoros H. Varzakas Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 New waste management technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 Identification of different compounds in vegetable waste . . . . . . . . . . 716 Comparison of waste treatment methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752