Faculty of Graduate Studies The Pollution Effects of the Wastewater Flow on the Water Quality in Wadi Sarida Catchment / West Bank ةيبرغلا ةفضلا / اديرس يداو ضوح يف هايملا ةيعون ىلع يحصلا فرصلا هايمب ثولتلا راثآ Submitted by: Waseem Ahmad Supervisor: Dr. Marwan Ghanem A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Master’s Degree in Water and Environmental Science from the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Birzeit University May 2015 I Dedication To her kindliness, to my mother “Amal” To the generations raiser, to my father “Fathi” To my brothers and sisters who supported me during the study “Haneen, Yasmeen, Salam and Saher” To my friends and all those who stand on my side To every detail related to Aleppo with my wishes for a better future I Dedicate My Work II Acknowledgment I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr. Marwan Ghanem who had the primary role in opening my scientific path and inspired me throughout the thesis period, which in turn was not to be completed without his guidance and supervision. My sincere gratitude goes to the manager who encouraged me, helped me in studding the master’s program and was as affectionate father, Mr. Ihsan Rukab. And my gratitude to the Institute of Water and Environment Studies with its professors and their recommendations. I send my special thanks for Eng. Nadia Affouneh and Eng. Mervat Almohammad who had a role in conducting this research. I appreciate the support of the friends who accompanied and helped me in field work, and the support of everyone provided me a required data. III Table of Contents Examination Committee.……………………….………..…...…..…….…………. I Dedication……………………………….……………………….....….…………..II Acknowledgment…………………………………….…………….….……..……III Table of Contents………………………………..…………..……...….….………IV List of Figures….………………………….…………………..…….…………….VI List of Tables………………………………...……………………..……………VIII List of Appendices………………………………………………………..……….IX Acronyms and Abbreviations…………………..…………………….……………X Abstract………………………………………..…………………….……………XII صخلملا………………………………………..………………...…….………...…XIV 1 Chapter One : Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 The Objectives and Aims ................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................... 7 2 Chapter Two : Study Area ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Sarida Wadi and the measured springs ............................................................................ 9 2.3 Salfit Governorate ......................................................................................................... 11 2.3.1 Geographical Location ........................................................................................................11 2.3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................................12 2.3.3 Temperature ........................................................................................................................12 2.3.4 Relative Humidity (RH) and Rainfall ..................................................................................12 2.3.5 Water Sources in Salfit ........................................................................................................12 2.3.6 Area and Population ............................................................................................................12 2.3.7 Economic Characteristics ....................................................................................................13 2.4 Kafr Al-Dik ................................................................................................................... 14 IV 2.4.1 Economic Situation of Kafr Al-Dik ....................................................................................15 2.4.2 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................15 2.4.3 Nearby Israeli Colonies of Kafr Al-Dik ..............................................................................15 2.5 Bruqin ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.5.1 Economic Situation of Bruqin .............................................................................................16 2.5.2 Infrastructure of Bruqin .......................................................................................................16 2.6 Problems Facing Kafr Al-Dik and Bruqin Residents .................................................... 17 2.7 Existing Israeli Colonies on the Territory of Salfit Governorate .................................. 17 2.8 The Israeli Colonies Effects on Palestinians Walks of Life in Salfit Governorate ........ 19 3 Chapter Three : Literature Review ....................................................................... 23 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Urban Wastewater System ............................................................................................ 23 3.3 Previous Studies ............................................................................................................ 25 3.3.1 Global Studies .....................................................................................................................25 3.3.2 Regional Studies ..................................................................................................................30 3.3.3 Local Studies .......................................................................................................................34 4 Chapter Four : Hydrochemistry ............................................................................ 41 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Qualitative Comparison between the Both Wastewater Sources .................................. 41 4.3 Variation of Parameters along Sarida Wadi .................................................................. 42 4.3.1 Organic Parameters .............................................................................................................43 4.3.2 Physical Parameters .............................................................................................................46 4.3.3 Chemical Parameters ...........................................................................................................48 4.4 Springs of Sarida Catchment ......................................................................................... 51 4.4.1 Interpretation of the Analyzed Parameters ..........................................................................51 4.4.2 Water Origin and Classification ..........................................................................................62 4.4.3 Spring Water Quality for Different Purposes ......................................................................64 5 Chapter Five : Wastewater Effects on Socio-Economic Aspects ........................ 69 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 69 5.2 Questionnaire Main Components .................................................................................. 69 V 5.3 Results and Discussion .................................................................................................. 69 5.3.1 The Demographic Section ...................................................................................................69 5.3.2 Healthy Section ...................................................................................................................72 5.3.3 Socio-Economic Section .....................................................................................................73 5.3.4 The Environmental Section .................................................................................................77 6 Chapter Six : Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................ 78 6.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 78 6.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 80 7 Sources and Bibliography ....................................................................................... 82 8 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 88 List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Wastewater sampling from the Wadi ............................................................. 6 Figure 1.2 : Locations of the samples, stations and the communities along Sarida Wadi . 6 Figure 2.1 : The Location of Sarida Wadi ....................................................................... 10 Figure 2.2 : Salfit Governorate Location ......................................................................... 11 Figure 2.3 : The Evolution of Population Number of Salfit Governorate ( 2007-2014) . 13 Figure 2.4 : Kafr Al-Dik and Bruqin Villages Location .................................................. 14 Figure 4.1 : The Difference between the Wastewater Quality of the Two Sources, Salfit and Ara’el for some Average Values for Both Rounds ............................... 42 Figure 4.2 : The BOD5 Variance Trend of wastewater along Sarida Wadi .................... 44 Figure 4.3 : The COD Variance Trend along SWW in Both Round ............................... 44 Figure 4.4 : The pH Variance of Wastewater Along Sarida Wadi wastewater ............... 46 Figure 4.5 : EC Trend for Wastewater along Sardia wastewater Wadi for the Two Rounds ................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 4.6 : The Wastewater Trend for TDS along Sarida Wadi .................................... 48 Figure 4.7 : The Variance Trend of the TSS along Sarida Wadi ..................................... 49 Figure 4.8 : The Variance Trend of PO of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in both 4 rounds ........................................................................................................... 50 VI Figure 4.9 : The Major Cations Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in the Wet Round (May) .................................................................................. 52 Figure 4.10 : The Major Cations Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in the dry round (November) .................................................................... 544 Figure 4.11 : The Major Anions Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in the Wet Round (May) ............................................................................... 55 Figure 4.12 : The Major Anions Concentrations of Spring’s Water of Sarida Catchment in the dry round (November) ........................................................................ 56 Figure 4.13 : Variations of Total Coliforms Content for springs of Sarida Catchment between May and November Rounds ....................................................... 57 Figure 4.14 : The Fecal Coliforms Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment in November - 2013 and December - 2003 and the Quality Difference During Ten Years .................................................................................................. 58 Figure 4.15 : The Total Coliforms Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment in November - 2013 and December - 2003 and the Quality Difference During Ten Years .................................................................................................. 59 Figure 4.16 : Trace Elements (V, Co, As, Se, Ni, Cu and Pb) Concentrations in Springs water of Sarida Catchment ........................................................................ 61 Figure 4.17 : Trace Elements (Fe, B, Zn, Al, Mn, Cr, and Ba) Concentrations in Springs of Sarida Catchment .................................................................................. 62 Figure 4.18 : Piper Trilinear Plot for Springs of Sarida catchment for May and November Rounds Combined ..................................................................................... 63 Figure 4.19 : The Durov Diagram for Measured Spring's Water Samples of Sarida Catchment in May and November Rounds Combined ............................ 64 Figure 4.20 : Wilcox diagram showing the correlation between SAR and Conductivity For the measured springs in Sarida catchment in May and November round. 66 Figure 5.1: Distribution of Age Categories ..................................................................... 70 Figure 5.2 : Gender Distribution of the Respondents ..................................................... 70 Figure 5.3 : Academic achievements of the respondents ................................................ 71 Figure 5.4 : Occupation of the Respondents ................................................................... 72 Figure 5.5 : Public Health Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow and Infections Proportions of Raw Wastewater Flow ......................................................................................... 72 VII Figure 5.6 : Represents the Proportions of the Cultivated Land Areas and the Land Ownership Adjacent to Wadi Sarida............................................................ 73 Figure 5.7 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Land Producion and Activities .................. 74 Figure 5.8 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Residency Quality ..................................... 75 Figure 5.9 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Place of Residence .................................... 75 Figure 5.10 : Use of Springs in the Study Area ............................................................... 76 Figure 5.11 : Purpose of Springs Water Use .................................................................... 76 List of Tables Table 2.1 : Existing Israeli Colonies on the Territory of Salfit Governorate .................. 18 Table 2.2 : Kinds of Israeli Heavy Industry and its Wastes Discharged to Sarida Wadi and its Healthy Effects. ........................................................................................ 22 Table 4.1 : Fecal Coliforms in (cfu/100ml) in Springs of Sarida Catchment at May and November Rounds ......................................................................................... 57 Table 4.2 : Comparison between the Observed Values of Trace Elements with WHO 2007 Guidelines at the Dry Season (November) .................................................. 60 Table 4.3 : Classification of Todd (2007) for the Tolerance of Different Types of Crops by Using Conductivity Values ................................................................... 65 Table 4.4 : The average concentrations of Na+, Ca+2, Mg+2 and SAR values for the projected springs .......................................................................................... 687 Table 4.5 : Classification of water for irrigation Suitability based on SAR .................. 68 Table 5.1 : Geographical Distribution of Respondents .................................................. 69 Table 5.2 : Occupation of the Respondents.................................................................... 71 Table 5.3 : Gender Perceptions on Negative Impact of Wastewater Flow .................... 73 Table 5.4 : Extent of Impact of Sarida Wasdi Flow on Agricultural and Livesock Activities .................................................................................................................... 74 Table 5.5 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Aesthetic Condition .................................. 77 VIII Table 5.6 : Impact of Sarida Wadi Flow on Wildlife and Biodiversity ......................... 77 List of Appendices Appendix 1 : Physical Parameters of Some Sarida Springs in the Wet Round (May) ........ 88 Appendix 2 : Physical Parameters of Some Sarida Springs in the Dry Round (November)88 Appendix 3 : Chemical Parameters (Major Cations and Major Anions (mg/l)) of Some Sarida Springs in the Wet Round (May) ............................................................... 88 Appendix 4 : Chemical Parameters (Major Cations and Major Anions (mg/l)) of Some Sarida Springs in the Dry Round (November) ...................................................... 89 Appendix 5 : The Geographical Coordinates (meters) of the measured springs ................. 89 Appendix 6 : The Microbial Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment (cfu/100ml) in the Wet Round (May) .................................................................................. 89 Appendix 7 : The Microbial Content in Some Springs of Sarida Catchment (cfu/100ml) in the Dry Round (November) ......................................................................... 90 Appendix 8 : Different Parameters of Sarida Wastewater along the Wadi in the Wet Round (May) ..................................................................................................................................... 90 Appendix 9 : Different Parameters of Sarida Wastewater along the Wadi in the Dry Round (November) .................................................................................................. 90 Appendix 10 : Trace Elements Concentrations (ppb) in Springs of Sarida Catchment in November (Part 1) ...................................................................................... 91 Appendix 11 : Trace Elements Concentrations (ppb) in Springs of Sarida Catchment in November (Part 2) ...................................................................................... 91 Appendix 12 : Microbial Data About Some Sarida Springs Catchment in the Wet Season of 2003 Conducted by PWA ............................................................................ 91 Appendix 13 : Results of Microbial Test (Total Count) for Al-Matwi Spring Water before and after Chlorination…………………………………………...…………92 Appendix 14 : Copy of the Distributed Questionnaires on Bruqin and Kafr Al-Dik Citizens in Arabic Language. ................................................................................. 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