Trevor Bryce is Honorary Professor of Classics and Ancient HistoryattheUniversityofQueenslandandEmeritusProfessorof Classics and Ancient History at the University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales. His many books include Life and Society in the Hittite World (2002), The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition, 2005), The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: APoliticalandMilitaryHistory(2012),LettersoftheGreatKingsof theAncientNearEast:TheRoyalCorrespondenceoftheLateBronze Age (2014), Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand-Year History (2014) and Babylonia: A Very Short Introduction (2016). ‘TrevorBrycehasdevotedhisscholarlycareertoreconstructingthe civilization of the Hittites of pre-Classical Turkey. In this book he draws on this experience to present an accessible overview of thehistoryandcultureofthisfascinatingancientpeople.Whenthe available evidence is scanty or unclear, he invites the reader to consider his or her own solution to historical quandaries.’ – Gary Beckman, George C. Cameron Professor of Ancient Near Eastern Languages and Cultures, University of Michigan, USA W ARRIORS OF A NATOLIA A Concise History of the HITTITES Trevor Bryce Publishedin2019by I.B.Tauris&Co.Ltd LondonzNewYork www.ibtauris.com Copyrightq2019TrevorBryce TherightofTrevorBrycetobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork hasbeenassertedbytheauthorinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsinareview,thisbook, oranypartthereof,maynotbereproduced,storedinorintroduced intoaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Everyattempthasbeenmadetogainpermissionfortheuseofthe imagesinthisbook.Anyomissionswillberectifiedinfutureeditions. ISBN:9781788312370 eISBN:9781786725288 ePDF:9781786735287 AfullCIPrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary AfullCIPrecordisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:available TypesetinMinionProbyOKSPrepressServices,Chennai,India Iwouldliketo dedicatethisbooktomywifeNan,inrecognitionof her unfailing support and patience for this and the many other projects in which I have engaged throughout my academic career. contents Maps and Figures ix Acknowledgements xii INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1: Rediscovering a Lost World 7 Chapter 2: How Do The Hittites Tell Us About Themselves? 16 Chapter 3: The Dawn of the Hittite Era 22 Chapter 4: The Legacy of an Ailing King 34 Chapter 5: ‘Now Bloodshed Has Become Common’ 41 Chapter 6: The Setting for an Empire 46 Chapter 7: Building an Empire 57 Chapter 8: Lion or Pussycat? 66 Chapter 9: From Near Extinction to the Threshold of International Supremacy 73 Chapter 10: The Greatest Kingdom of Them All 81 Chapter 11: Intermediaries of the Gods: The Great Kings of Hatti 92 Chapter 12: King by Default 107 Chapter 13: Health, Hygiene and Healing 118 Chapter 14: Justice and the Commoner 127 viii WARRIORS OF ANATOLIA Chapter 15: No Sex Please, We’re Hittite 136 Chapter 16: Women, Marriage and Slavery 144 Chapter 17: War with Egypt 158 Chapter 18: All the King’s Horses and All the King’s Men: The Hittite Military Machine 167 Chapter 19: The Man Who Would Be King 183 Chapter 20: Partners in Power: The Great Queens of Hatti 196 Chapter 21: City of Temples and Bureaucrats: The Royal Capital 202 Chapter 22: An Elite Fraternity: The Club of Royal Brothers 224 Chapter 23: The Empire’s Struggle for Survival 231 Chapter 24: Hatti’s Divine Overlords 240 Chapter 25: Death of an Empire 254 Appendix 1: Rulers of Hatti 268 Appendix 2: Outline of Main Events in Hittite History 270 Notes 273 Bibliography 280 Index 282 maps and figures M APS Map I.1 Anatolia, satellite photo by Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC. 4 Map 6.1 The Hittite world. 47 Map 6.2 Late Bronze Age Greece and western Anatolia. 52 Map 21.1 Hattusa. 208 F IGURES (All figures/photographs are by the author unless otherwise acknowledged.) Figure I.1 Modern Hittite hospitality. 1 Figure I.2 The disk monument, courtesy Umut Çomak. 2 Figure I.3 The stag container. 2 Figure 1.1 Yazılıkaya today. 8 Figure 1.2 The key sentence. 14 Figure 2.1 Scribes at work, from The Hittites (film documentary), courtesy Tolga Örnek, Ekip Film. 19 Figure 6.1 Classical Miletos, Lion Harbour. 51 Figure 7.1 Aleppo citadel, courtesy Jonathan Tubb. 59