War Trauma and English Modernism Also by Carl Krockel THE POLITICS OF INFLUENCE: D.H. Lawrence and German Culture War Trauma and English Modernism T.S. Eliot and D.H. Lawrence Carl Krockel Palgrave macmillan © Carl Krockel 2011 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2011 978-0-230-29157-7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2011 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-33205-2 ISBN 978-0-230-30775-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230307759 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Krockel, Carl. War trauma and English modernism : T. S. Eliot and D. H. Lawrence / Carl Krockel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. English literature—20th century—History and criticism. 2. World War, 1914–1918—Literature and the war. 3. Psychic trauma in literature. 4. Modernism (Literature)—Great Britain. 5. Eliot, T. S. (Thomas Stearns), 1888–1965.—Criticism and interpretation. 6. Lawrence, D. H. (David Herbert), 1885–1930.—Criticism and interpretation. I. Title. PR888.W65K76 2011 820.9'00912—dc22 2011011831 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 To my mother Contents List of Abbreviations viii Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 Modernism in Crisis: The Rainbow 24 2 Testimony before Trauma: Eliot’s Poetry up to 1915 44 3 Testimony as History: The First “Women in Love” 60 4 Eliot’s War Poetry: “Hysteria” to The Waste Land 89 5 Working Through: Lawrence in the Twenties 128 6 Trauma Transfigured: “The Hollow Men” to Little Gidding 156 Conclusion: The Legacy of War upon the Legacy of Modernism 197 Notes 212 Bibliography 222 Index 230 vii List of Abbreviations T.S. Eliot ASG After Strange Gods. London: Faber & Faber, 1934. AWL T he Annotated Waste Land with Eliot’s Contemporary Prose. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. C T he Criterion [1922–39] 18 vols., ed. T.S. Eliot. London: Faber & Faber 1967. CPP T he Complete Poems and Plays of T.S. Eliot. London: Faber & Faber, 1969. EAM Essays Ancient and Modern. London: Faber & Faber, 1936. FLA For Lancelot Andrewes. London: Faber & Faber, 1928. ICS The Idea of a Christian Society. London: Faber & Faber, 1939. IMA Inventions of a March Hare. London: Faber & Faber, 1996. LE T he Letters of T.S. Eliot Volume I. Ed. Valerie Eliot and Hugh Haughton. London: Faber & Faber, 2009. NTDC N otes Towards the Definition of Culture. London: Faber & Faber, 1948. PP On Poetry and Poets. London: Faber & Faber, 1957. SE Selected Essays. London: Faber & Faber, 1959. SP S elected Prose of T.S. Eliot. Ed. Frank Kermode. London: Faber & Faber, 1975. SW The Sacred Wood. London: Faber & Faber, 1997. TCC To Criticize the Critic. London: Faber & Faber, 1965. UPUC T he Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism. London: Faber & Faber, 1933. VMP T he Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry. Ed. Ronald Schuchard. London: Faber & Faber, 1993. WLFT T he Waste Land: a Facsimile and Transcript of the Original Drafts Including the Annotations of Ezra Pound. Ed. Valerie Eliot. London: Faber & Faber, 1971. viii List of Abbreviations ix D.H. Lawrence Letters ii. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume II. Eds. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982. iii. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume III. Eds. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. iv. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume IV. Eds. Warren Roberts, James T. Boulton and Elizabeth Mansfield. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. v. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume V. Eds. James T. Boulton and Lindeth Vasey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. vi. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume VI. Eds. James T. Boulton, Margaret H. Boulton and Gerald M. Lacey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. vii. T he Letters of D.H. Lawrence, Volume VII. Eds. Keith Sagar and James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. LBR D .H. Lawrence’s Letters to Bertrand Russell. Ed. Harry T. Moore. New York: Gotham, 1948. Works AR A aron’s Rod. Ed. Mara Kalnins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. EmyE E ngland, My England and Other Stories. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. FLC T he First and Second “Lady Chatterley’s Lover”. Eds. Dieter Mehl and Christa Jansohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. FWL T he First “Women in Love”. Eds. John Worthen and Lindeth Vasey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. K K angaroo. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. x List of Abbreviations LCL Lady Chatterley’s Lover. Ed. Michael Squires. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. LEA Late Essays and Articles. Ed. James T. Boulton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. LG The Lost Girl. Ed. John Worthen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. MEH Movements in European History. Ed. Philip Crumpton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. MM Memoir of Maurice Magnus. Ed. Keith Cushman. Santa Rosa: Black Sparrow Press, 1987. MinM Mornings in Mexico and Other Essays. Ed. Virginia Crosswhite Hyde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. MN Mr Noon. Ed. Lindeth Vasey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. PUFU Psychoanalysis and the Unconscious and Fantasia of the Unconscious. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. R The Rainbow. Ed. Mark Kinkead-Weekes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. RDP Reflections on the Death of a Porcupine. Ed. Michael Herbert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. SS Sea and Sardinia. Ed. Mara Kalnins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Studies Studies in Classic American Literature. Eds. Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Study Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays. Ed. Bruce Steele. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. VG The Virgin and the Gipsy and Other Stories. Ed. Michael Herbert, Bethan Jones and Lindeth Vasey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. WL Women in Love. Eds. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey and John Worthen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.