War in a Twilight World 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd ii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0011 AAMM Also by Ben Shepherd WAR IN THE WILD EAST: The German Army and Soviet Partisans Also by Juliette Pattinson BEHIND ENEMY LINES: Gender, Passing and the Special Operations Executive in the Second World War 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd iiii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM War in a Twilight World Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45 Edited by Ben Shepherd Reader in History, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK and Juliette Pattinson Lecturer in Modern British and European History, University of Strathclyde, UK 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd iiiiii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Ben Shepherd and Juliette Pattinson 2010 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2010 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978–0–230–57569–1 hardback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data War in a twilight world: partisan and anti-partisan warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45/[edited by] Ben Shepherd, Juliette Pattinson. p. cm. Based on papers from an international conference entitled Partisan and anti-partisan warfare in German-occupied Europe, 1939–1945, held at Glasgow Caledonian University in June 2007 in association with University of Strathclyde and German Historical Institute, London. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–230–57569–1 (hardback) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—Europe, Eastern— Congresses. 2. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements—Soviet Union—Congresses. 3. World War, 1939–1945—Underground movements— Poland—Congresses. 4. World War, 1939–1945— Underground movements— Yugoslavia—Congresses. 5. Guerrilla warfare—Europe, Eastern—History—20th century—Congresses. 6. Guerrillas—Europe, Eastern—History—20th century— Congresses. 7. Counterinsurgency—Europe, Eastern—History— 20th century—Congresses. 8. Germany. Heer—History—World War, 1939–1945— Congresses. 9. Civil-military relations—Europe, Eastern—History—20th century— Congresses. I. Shepherd, Ben. II. Pattinson, Juliette D764.W318 2010 940.54'217—dc22 2010027559 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd iivv 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM Contents List of Maps, Table and Figure vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix Glossary xii Introduction: Illuminating a Twilight World 1 Ben Shepherd and Juliette Pattinson Part I The Soviet Union 25 Foreword 27 Evan Mawdsley 1 Partisans, Civilians and the Soviet State: An Overview 35 Kenneth Slepyan 2 ‘One senses danger from all sides, especially from fanatical civilians’: The 121st Infantry Division and Partisan War, June 1941–April 1942 58 Jeff Rutherford 3 The Relationship between Soviet Partisans and the Civilian Population in Belorussia under German Occupation, 1941–4 80 Alexander Brakel 4 The German Gendarmerie and Partisans in Belorussia, 1941–4 102 Erich Haberer Select Bibliography 126 Part II Poland 129 Foreword 131 Paul Latawski 5 The Armia Krajowa and Polish Partisan Warfare, 1939–43 137 Paul Latawski v 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd vv 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM vi Contents 6 ‘A Game of Cat-and-Mouse’: The Gestapo Spy Network in Tomaschow Mazowiecki, Poland 1939–45 156 Claire M. Hubbard-Hall Select Bibliography 178 Part III Yugoslavia 179 Foreword 181 Klaus Schmider 7 Bloodier than Boehme: The 342nd Infantry Division in Serbia, 1941 189 Ben Shepherd 8 Integrated Warfare? The Germans and the Ustaša Massacres: Syrmia 1942 210 Alexander Korb 9 Propaganda and the Partisan War in Ljubljana 1943–45 233 Gregor Joseph Kranjc Select Bibliography 257 Index 258 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd vvii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM List of Maps, Table and Figure Maps 4.1 Areas of civil government in Nazi-occupied Belorussia (Generalkommissariat Weissruthenien), 1941–4. 105 Source: (1940) Map of the Belorussian SSR, 1st edition, printed by the Cartographic Factory GUGK (Minsk: SNK SSR). The map is in the private possession of the author. 4.2 Gebietskommissariat Baranovichi in the Generalkommissariat Weissruthenien, 1941–4. 106 Source: (1940) Map of the Belorussian SSR, 1st edition, printed by the Cartographic Factory GUGK (Minsk: SNK SSR). The map is in the private possession of the author. 6.1 Poland, 1941. 161 Source: author’s own map. 8.1 Syrmia, 1942. 214 Source: Tobias Stiefel. Produced by illustrator especially for this volume. Table 6.1 Categories of Gestapo Informer used by specific German police outposts in Poland 1939–45 162 Figure 6.1 Photograph of Gestapo Informer Tadeusz Miller (b. 7.12.1912) who worked under the alias ‘Roman Sculz’ in the Tomaschow area. 167 Source: This photograph was attached to his Gestapo informer personnel file. Reproduced with NARA permission. vii 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd vviiii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM Acknowledgements This edited collection, as well as a special issue of the Journal of Strategic Studies (2008), stems from the international conference ‘Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in German-Occupied Europe 1939–1945’ which was held at Glasgow Caledonian University in June 2007 in association with the University of Strathclyde and the German Historical Institute, London. We would like to thank the speakers, chairs and delegates, many of whom have contributed to this collection including Alexander Brakel, Graham Campbell, Philip Cooke, Florian Dierl, Alex Flucker, Kostas Gemenis, Andreas Gestrich, Erich Haberer, Claire M. Hubbard-Hall, Andrew Hargreaves, Alexander Hill, Michael Kelly, Stephen Kepher, Alexander Korb, Gregor Joseph Kranjc, Sergej Kudrjaschow, Thomas Laub, Julie le Gac, Peter Lieb, Matthew Low, Walter Manoschek, Evan Mawdsley, Charles Melson, David Moon, William Mulligan, Steffen Prauser, Timm Richter, Jeff Rutherford, Klaus Schmider, Kenneth Slepyan, Alex Statiev, Martina Steber, Geoffrey Swain, Ulrike Thieme, Vangelis Tzoukas and Edward B. Westermann. Grateful thanks are due to the following individuals and institu- tions for providing valuable financial support to the conference: from Glasgow Caledonian University, Professor Elaine McFarland (Head of History@Caledonian Subject Group); from the University of Strathclyde, Professor Richard Finlay (Head of Department of History), Professor Neil Hutton (Dean of Law, Arts and Social Sciences Faculty) and the SCAR group (Strathclyde Conflict and Resolution); the Association for the Study of Modern Italy; the German Historical Institute London and the German History Society. The following individuals provided valuable advice and practical help in planning the conference: Amanda Bell, Yvonne Brown, Natasja de Bruijn, Dr Philip Cooke, Dr Alexander Hill, Jane James, Professor Elaine McFarland, Evie Mochan and David Neil. In addition to thanking the authors of chapters and forewords, we would like to thank the external readers who read the final draft of each chapter. viii 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd vviiiiii 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM Notes on Contributors Alexander Brakel is the Head of Department for Economic and Innovation Policy with the German Federal Association for Information Technology, Telecommunications and New Media. As a historian he specialises in contemporary German and Eastern European history. His first monograph, Der Holocaust: Judenverfolgung und Völkermord, was published by Bebra in 2008. His second monograph, Unter Rotem Stern und Hakenkreuz: Baranowicze 1939–1944. Das westliche Weißrussland unter sowjetischer und deutscher Besatzung, was published by Schöningh in 2009. Erich Haberer received his Ph.D. in Russian history at the University of Toronto, served as Chief Historian of the Canadian Justice Department’s War Crimes Section, and teaches modern European history at Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada. He is the author of Jews and Revolution in Nineteenth-Century Russia, published by Cambridge University Press (h/b 1995, p/b 2004). Currently, he is working on a monograph on the role of the German Gendarmerie in partisan warfare and the Holocaust in rural Belorussia and Ukraine between 1941 and 1944. Claire M. Hubbard-Hall has recently completed her Ph.D. at Hull University (2008) and is currently a visiting tutor at Bishop Grosseteste University College, Lincoln. Her area of specialism is German police intelligence networks during the Nazi period, with a particular focus on the Gestapo Spy Network. Her monograph, The Gestapo Spy Network 1933–45, is currently in preparation for publication, but an overview of her main argument on policing in Nazi Germany can be accessed through the Journal of Contemporary History. Alexander Korb is a lecturer in Modern European History at the University of Leicester. His research and teaching interests include com- parative genocide studies, comparative fascism, and the Holocaust in Eastern Europe, as well as processes of mass violence. He has published on the history of the Nazi concentration camps, German reactions to Jewish persecution, the Catholic Church and anti-Semitism, and the history of the Croatian Ustaša regime. His dissertation analyses Ustaša mass violence and the roles of Germany and Italy in Croatia during World War II. ix 99778800223300557755669911__0011__pprreexxvvii..iinndddd iixx 99//1133//22001100 88::3388::0022 AAMM