Peace Psychology Book Series SeriesEditor DanielJ.Christie Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7298 Dario Spini • Guy Elcheroth Dinka Corkalo Biruski Editors War, Community, and Social Change Collective Experiences in the FormerYugoslavia 2123 Editors DarioSpini DinkaCorkaloBiruski InstituteofSocialSciences DepartmentofPsychology UniversityofLausanne UniversityofZagreb Lausanne Zagreb Switzerland Croatia GuyElcheroth InstituteofSocialSciences UniversityofLausanne Lausanne Switzerland ISBN978-1-4614-7490-6 ISBN978-1-4614-7491-3(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-7491-3 SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013942791 © SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Acknowledgments TRACES(theTransitiontoAdulthoodandcollectiveExperiencesSurvey)isasci- entificresearchprogrammethatisintendedtocompileinformationonthecollective experiencesofyoungadultsfromthe1990suntilthepresentday.TRACESwasde- velopedintwophases.Inthefirstphase,whichwasfinancedbytheSwissNational Science Foundation (SNF fund No 101412-103664; Dario Spini, main applicant; Rene Levy, co-applicant), different exploratory analyses were undertaken to pre- pare the mainTRACES study. These analyses were partially a continuation of the research programme on human rights as social representation, directed byWillem Doise(Doise2002; SpiniandDoise2005), andtheyincludedanalysesofthedata from the People onWar survey (Greenberg Research Inc. 1999) conducted during and following a collaboration with the International Committee of the Red Cross (Elcheroth 2006; Spini et al. 2008). On this basis, a pilot study in four countries fromtheformerYugoslaviawasconductedinDecember2004incollaborationwith DinoDjipaandhisteamfromPRISMResearchinSarajevo(seeSpiniet al.2011). All of these studies clearly indicated that attitudes towards rights were related to contextualfactorsthatincludebothtemporaldimensions(e.g.,lifetrajectoriesand historicaltime)andcollectivedimensions(e.g.,collectiveexperiencesandcollective vulnerability)andthatbothtypesofdimensionsshouldbeinnovativelyincorporated intoourtheoriesandmethods. As a consequence, a new application was submitted to the Swiss National Sci- enceFoundation,which,onthebasisofthispreparatorywork,chosetofinancethe main TRACES study (SNF fund No 10012-109623; Dario Spini, main applicant; GuyElcheroth,projectcoordinator)describedinthisbook.RachelFasel,whohad alreadyworkedonthepilotphaseoftheTRACESproject,washiredasaresearch assistant for this process and participated actively in all project developments, no- tablyincludingthedevelopmentofthemapsusinggeographicinformationsystems (see Annex 2 of Chap. 1). Christophe Hunziker also provided helpful assistance during the process of developing these maps. We should also mention the support providedbyReneLevyandJean-MarieLeGoff, theco-applicantsforthissecond roundofSNFfunding. Onthisbasis, themainsurveywasdesignedandprepared, againinclosecollaborationwithPRISMandespeciallywithDinoDjipaandMarina Franic-Kadic,whoadvisedusindeterminingthedetailsofourproceduresandwho v vi Acknowledgments organisedthegenerallogisticsoftheprocess.MarinaFranic-KadicwasthePRISM projectleaderforTRACESandprovidedfirst-handdocumentationofthefieldwork forthestudy’soverallmethodologicalreport(Spinietal.2011). Moreover, as a result of new collaborations developed as part of the Scientific Co-operation between Eastern Europe and Switzerland (SCOPES, SNF fund No 100012-109623,Prof.DarioSpini,mainapplicant;GuyElcheroth,projectcoordi- nator),wewereabletofurtherdeveloptheprojecttogetherwithProf.DinkaCorkalo Biruski (University of Zagreb, Croatia), Prof. Vera Cubela Adoric (University of Zadar, Croatia), andProfs. GordanaJovanovicandMirjanaVasovic(Universityof Belgrade),whowerealsoco-applicantsinthisSCOPESproject.Thiscollaboration resultedintheintegrationanddevelopmentofnewresearchperspectivesandledto amorethoughtfulanalysisofthecontextualfactorsinvolvedinourresearch. We must also underline the role of our colleagues from the University of Lau- sanne.Jean-MarieLeGoffhasbeenveryhelpfulindesigningthelifecalendars.We areindebtedtotheCentreforLifeCourseandLifeStylesStudies(PaVieCenter,Uni- versitiesofLausanneandGeneva)andtotheSwissNationalCentreofCompetence in Research LIVES for their financial assistance during the project’s starting and finalphaserespectively.WemustthankTatianaMarcacciforhercontinuoussupport withalladministrativequestions.WithinthePaVieCenter,wehavebenefitedfrom the thoughtful advice and support of our colleagues Prof. Dominique Joye, Prof. EricWidmer,Jacques-AntoineGauthier,andFrancescoGiudici.Finally,wewould like to thank our colleagues Prof. Thomas David, ProfAlain Clemence and Prof. Willem Doise for their advice and support during the course of this project. At a moreadvancedstage,Profs.DanielBar-Tal,SabinaCehajic,andDuskoSekulicfur- therenrichedtheproject’sinternationalnetworkwiththeirexperienceandexpertise, asreflectedintheirmoretheoreticallyorientedcontributionstothepresentbook. Thisbookisnotaresearchtextintendedforresearchersonly.Thescholarswho wereinvolvedinthemakingofthisbookarecommittedtoconductingresearchthatis relevanttosociety,andourworktogetherhasgeneratedadialoguewithindividuals fromthemediaaswellasthepoliticalandhumanitarianarenas.Thisdialoguehas supplementedouracademicworkwithdirect,on-the-groundexperienceandatten- tiontopracticalissues.Thiswillingnesstodiscussappliedandcontextualisedissues publiclywasvisibleinthediversepubliclecturesandexhibitionactivitiesthatwere financedbytheAnthroposfundattheUniversityofLausanneandco-ordinatedwitha greatdealofcommitmentbySabinaRondicfirst,andthenbyAnne-RomaineFavre Zuppinger. Some participants in these dialogues were also willing to write down theirthoughtsasprivilegedwitnessesoftheprocessesinwhichwewereinterested: SvetlanaBroz,IvanaMacek,andFlorenceHartmann.Theirtextsarepresentedhere asVoices. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to all of the participants who devoted their time to reporting their experiences and expressing their opinions via TRACES.Wededicatethisbooktothem:allofthepeoplefromthecountriesfrom the formerYugoslavia who survived the wars and the rapid social changes in the regionandwhowerewillingtosharelessonsonhowcommunitiescanpossiblyface, resistorovercomecollectiveviolence. Contents PartI Introduction 1 Towards a CommunityApproach of theAftermath ofWar in the FormerYugoslavia: Collective Experiences, Social Practices, and Representations................................................ 3 DarioSpini,GuyElcherothandRachelFasel 2 CollectiveExperiencesandCollectiveMemories:WritingtheHistory ofCrisis,Wars,andthe“BalkanisationofYugoslavia” ............. 25 TvrtkoJakovina Part II War and theViolent Experience of Community: How Ethnic BoundariesBecamePartofSocialReality 3 Ethnic Intolerance as a Product Rather than a Cause of War: RevisitingtheStateoftheArt ................................... 45 DuskoSekulic 4 TheDemiseofMixedMarriage?................................. 63 Jean-MarieLeGoffandFrancescoGiudici 5 TheDestructionofMultiethnicLocations: MarkersofIdentityand theDeterminantsofResidentialTrajectories ...................... 85 Jacques-AntoineGauthierandEricD.Widmer 6 ComplianceandResistancetotheLogicofEthnicConflictDuringthe SiegeofSarajevo(Invitedvoice).................................. 99 IvanaMacek 7 BeyondEthnicIntolerance:TracesandBenefitsofEthnicDiversityin Post-WarBosnia-Herzegovina ................................... 105 DavideMorselliandStefanoPassini vii viii Contents Part III Community and the Traumatising Experience of War: CollectiveDimensionsofVulnerabilityandResilience 8 From CollectiveVictimhood to Social Reconciliation: Outlining a ConceptualFramework......................................... 125 DanielBar-TalandSabinaCehajic-Clancy 9 Traumatised Selves: Does War Trauma Facilitate In-Group BondingandOut-GroupDistancing?............................. 137 DinkaCorkaloBiruskiandSandraPenic 10 When Nobody Stood Up and Everybody is Guilty: A Puzzle ofIndividualResponsibilityandCollectiveGuilt(Invitedvoice)...... 155 SvetlanaBroz 11 Threatened Powers: When Blaming “the others” Grows out ofInternalInstabilityandProtest................................ 163 SandraPenic,DinkaCorkaloBiruskiandGuyElcheroth 12 Shattered Beliefs: How to Cope When the World Is not aJustPlace? .................................................. 183 RachelFaselandDarioSpini 13 A Slipping Memory: Can the International Criminal Tribunal beaBulwarkAgainstOblivion?(Invitedvoice) .................... 199 FlorenceHartmann 14 Beyond Collective Denial: Public Reactions to Human Rights Violations and the Struggle over the Moral Continuity of Communities .................................................. 205 GuyElcherothandDarioSpini 15 Conclusion-War and Community: What HaveWe LearnedAbout TheirRelationship? ............................................ 227 GuyElcheroth,DinkaCorkaloBiruskiandDarioSpini Index ............................................................ 237 Contributors DanielBar-Tal SchoolofEducation,Tel-AvivUniversity,Tel-Aviv,Israel e-mail:[email protected] SvetlanaBroz NGOGardensoftheRighteousWorldwide(GARIWO),Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina e-mail:[email protected] Sabina Cehajic-Clancy Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina e-mail:[email protected] DinkaCorkaloBiruski FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,Universityof Zagreb,Zagreb,Croatia e-mail:[email protected] GuyElcheroth FacultyofSocialandPoliticalSciences,SwissNationalCentreof CompetenceinResearchLIVES,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] Rachel Fasel Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Swiss National Centre of CompetenceinResearchLIVES,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] Jacques-AntoineGauthier FacultyofSocialandPoliticalSciences,Universityof Lausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] FrancescoGiudici FacultyofSocialandPoliticalSciences,SwissNationalCentre ofCompetenceinResearchLIVES,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland StatisticalOfficeoftheCantonofTicino,Ticino,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] Florence Hartmann International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, TheHague,TheNetherlands e-mail:fl[email protected] TvrtkoJakovina FacultyofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,UniversityofZagreb, Zagreb,Croatia e-mail:[email protected] ix x Contributors Jean-Marie Le Goff Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] IvanaMacek HugoValentinCentre,UppsalaUniversity,Uppsala,Sweden e-mail:[email protected] DavideMorselli SwissNationalCentreofCompetenceinResearchLIVES,Faculty ofSocialandPoliticalSciences,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] StefanoPassini FacultyofEducation,UniversityofBologna,Bologna,Italy e-mail:[email protected] Sandra Penic Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Swiss National Centre of CompetenceinResearchLIVES,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected] DuskoSekulic FacultyofLaw,UniversityofZagreb,Zagreb,Croatia e-mail:[email protected] Dario Spini Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Swiss National Centre of CompetenceinResearchLIVES,UniversityofLausanne,Lausanne,Switzerland e-mail:[email protected]