War,Capital,andtheDutchState(1588–1795) Historical Materialism Book Series EditorialBoard SébastienBudgen(Paris) SteveEdwards(London) JuanGrigera(London) MarcelvanderLinden(Amsterdam) PeterThomas(London) volume101 Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/hm War, Capital, and the Dutch State (1588–1795) By PepijnBrandon leiden | boston LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Brandon,Pepijn,author. War,capital,andtheDutchstate(1588-1795)/byPepijnBrandon. pagescm.–(Historicalmaterialismbookseries,ISSN1570-1522;volume101) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-22814-6(hardcover:alkalinepaper)–ISBN978-90-04-30251-8(e-book) 1.Nationalism–Netherlands–History–17thcentury.2.Nationalism–Netherlands–History–18thcentury.3. Nation-state–History.4.Mercantilesystem–Netherlands–History–17thcentury.5.Mercantile system–Netherlands–History–18thcentury.6.Worldpolitics–17thcentury.7.Worldpolitics–18thcentury.8. War.I.Title. DJ156.B732015 949.2'04–dc23 2015026742 Thispublicationhasbeentypesetinthemultilingual“Brill”typeface.Withover5,100characterscovering Latin,ipa,Greek,andCyrillic,thistypefaceisespeciallysuitableforuseinthehumanities.Formore information,pleaseseewww.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn1570-1522 isbn978-90-04-22814-6(hardback) isbn978-90-04-30251-8(e-book) Copyright2015byKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillnvincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillHes&DeGraaf,BrillNijhoff,BrillRodopiand HoteiPublishing. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,translated,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, withoutpriorwrittenpermissionfromthepublisher. AuthorizationtophotocopyitemsforinternalorpersonaluseisgrantedbyKoninklijkeBrillnvprovided thattheappropriatefeesarepaiddirectlytoTheCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive, Suite910,Danvers,ma01923,usa.Feesaresubjecttochange. Brillhasmadeallreasonableeffortstotraceallrightsholderstoanycopyrightedmaterialusedinthiswork. Incaseswheretheseeffortshavenotbeensuccessfulthepublisherwelcomescommunicationsfromcopy- rightsholders,sothattheappropriateacknowledgementscanbemadeinfutureeditions,andtosettleother permissionmatters. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Formygreat-grandfather Herman(Hersch)Ohringer(1899–1995) alifelongcourageousfighter whorefusedtogointothetrenches forsomeoneelse’swar ∵ In’tmiddenvandentwist,en’twoedennimmermoê, Verheftuwstadhaarkroontotaandenhemeltoe, Engaatdoorvuurenijseeneandrewereldvinden, Endondertmetgeschutopallevierdewinden. (Inthemidstofallstrife,nevertiredofraging, Yourcity[Amsterdam]heavesitscrownuntotheveryheavens, Andgoesthroughfireandicetofindanotherworld, Gunsthunderinginallfourdirectionsofthewind.) joost van den vondel,GijsbrechtvanAemstel(1637)Act5.8 … Theneverythingincludesitselfinpower, Powerintowill,willintoappetite, Andappetite(anuniversalwolf, Sodoublysecondedwithwill,andpower) Mustmakeperforceanduniversalprey, Andlast,eatuphimself. william shakespeare,TroylusandCressida(1609)Act1.3 … AndIhopethatyoudieandyourdeath’llcomesoon Iwillfollowyourcasketinthepaleafternoon AndI’llwatchwhileyou’relowereddowntoyourdeathbed AndI’llstando’eryourgrave’tilI’msurethatyou’redead. bob dylan,MastersofWar(1963) ∵ Contents ListofChartsandTables ix Charts ix Tables ix TranslationsofFrequentlyUsedDutchTerms xi NoteonCurrency xi Acknowledgements xii Introduction 1 DutchWar-MakingandState-Making:ThreeSolutionstoaRiddle 3 TypologiesoftheEarlyModernStateForm 13 TheDutchCycleofAccumulation 22 TheFederal-BrokerageStateandits‘HistoricBloc’ 29 ContentandStructureoftheBook 36 1 TheMakingoftheFederal-BrokerageState 41 1.1 TheDutchRevoltandtheEstablishmentoftheState 44 1.2 TypesofBrokerage1:MerchantWarriors 51 1.3 TypesofBrokerage2:MerchantsasAdministrators 57 1.4 TypesofBrokerage3:FinancialIntermediariesinTroop Payments 66 1.5 PoliticalandIdeologicalFoundationsoftheFederal-Brokerage State 70 Conclusions 80 2 MerchantCompanies,NavalPower,andTradeProtection 83 2.1 TheNavalRevolutionandtheChallengetoDutchTrade 86 2.2 AUnifiedStateCompanyforColonialTrade? 93 2.3 ThevocandtheNavyfromSymbiosistoDivisionofLabour 98 2.4 ThewicbetweenPrivateTradeandStateProtection 107 2.5 EuropeanCommercialDirectoratesasProtectionLobbies 114 2.6 ProtectionCostsandMerchantInterests 123 Conclusions 135 3 Production,Supply,andLabourRelationsattheNavalShipyards 139 3.1 CapitalistRationality,Accounting,andtheNavalRevolution 141 3.2 PersonalNetworksandMarketPractices 148 3.3 DifferentProducts,DifferentSystemsofSupply 154 viii contents Victuals 154 Wood 158 SmallerSupplies 160 3.4 NavalShipyardsasCentresofProduction 164 3.5 ShipyardsandTheirWorkforce 170 3.6 AdmiraltyBoardsandtheLabourMarket 175 3.7 Combination,Coordination,andControl 184 3.8 OfTime,Theft,andChips 191 3.9 Neptune’sTridentandAthena’sGifts 199 Conclusions 207 4 TroopPayments,MilitarySoliciting,andtheWorldofFinance 210 4.1 FromDisordertoRegulation 213 4.2 AGoldenAgeofMilitarySoliciting 221 4.3 TwoCareersinMilitaryFinance 228 4.4 TheDailyAffairsofaFinancialMiddleman 236 4.5 NetworksofCreditandInfluence 246 4.6 MilitarySolicitingintheAgeofFinancialisation 254 Conclusions 262 5 TheStructuralCrisisoftheFederal-BrokerageState 264 5.1 TheRiseandLimitsofReformAgendas 266 5.2 WarringCompaniesandtheDebateoverFreeTrade 275 5.3 AdmiraltyBoardsattheCentreoftheStorm 283 5.4 FromCitizens’MilitiastotheBatavianLegion 292 5.5 TheAfterlifeoftheFederal-BrokerageState 300 Conclusions 308 Conclusion 310 Annex1.HollandMembersoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard 323 Sources 368 Annex2.ZeelandMembersoftheZeelandAdmiraltyBoard 369 Sources 385 Annex3.IncomeandExpenditureoftheAmsterdamAdmiralty:Steps fromFiguresin‘Borderel’toReconstruction 386 SourcesandBibliography 387 Index 428 List of Charts and Tables Charts 2.1 CombinedincomeoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1681–1794 (guilders) 126 2.2 CombinedexpenditureoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1681–1794 (guilders) 127 2.3 Operationsandupkeepaspercentageofexpenditure,AmsterdamAdmiralty Board 132 3.1 WarshipsbuiltattheAmsterdamAdmiraltyshipyard,1661–1780 167 3.2 Returnshipsbuiltatthevoc-shipyard,1661–1780 167 3.3 ExpenditureonwagesbytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,1775–88 (guilders) 173 4.1 Holland’smonthlyex-anteexpensesontrooppayments,1644–1785 (guilders) 214 4.2 Trooppaymentsaspercentageofex-antemilitaryexpenditure,1644–1785 215 4.3 MoneyreceivedbyGebhardtthroughlettersofexchange,February 1702–August1704(threemonthlymovingaverages) 238 4.4 InterestpaymentreceivedbyGebhardtoveradvancesduringtheNineYears’ War 240 Tables 1.1 NumberofrepresentativesofeachprovinceinthefiveAdmiraltyBoards 62 1.2 PoliticaltiesofmembersoftheAdmiraltyBoards 63 1.3 WealthandconnectionsofAmsterdamAdmiraltycouncilors 65 1.4 RevolutionarycrisesintheDutchRepublic 72 2.1 StrengthandcompositionoftheDutchfleet,1653 87 2.2 Costsofhiringfifteenmerchant-men,1642(inguilders) 91 2.3 ContributionsofvoctoAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard(1681–1794) 103 2.4 vocwarfareinAsia(1602–1785) 105 2.5 Estimateofwicincome,expenditureanddamagedonetotheSpanishand Portuguese,1623–36(millionsofguilders),basedonfiguresofwic-director JohannesdeLaet 109 2.6 StatesubsidiesforthewicinBrazil,1645–51 111 2.7 ConvoyingshipsandcruiserssentoutbytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard, 1738 113 x list of charts and tables 2.8 Costandemploymentofthenavyaccordingtothewarbudgetof1628 (excludingFrieslandAdmiraltyBoard) 116 2.9 ArmatureofDutchmerchant-menpresentintheMediterranean,December 1664 118 2.10 MerchantfleetsconvoyedintheBalticareabyDutchsquadrons,1705–11(east- andwestbound) 121 2.11 Estimatedvaluesofgoodsprotectedbyconvoyof25July1709 122 2.12 TotalincomesofAmsterdam,Zeeland,Rotterdam,andNorthernQuarter AdmiraltyBoards,1680–1795(millionsofguilders) 128 2.13 TotalexpendituresofAmsterdam,Zeeland,Rotterdam,andNorthernQuarter AdmiraltyBoards,1680–1795(millionsofguilders) 129 2.14 Ex-anteincomeandexpenditureofthefiveAdmiraltyBoards,1654 (guilders) 131 3.1 Amsterdamnavalexpenditureonselectedgoods,1681–1789(millionsof guilders) 155 3.2 Largestwood-suppliersoftheAmsterdamAdmiraltyBoard,March 1778–December1790(thousandsofguilders) 159 3.3 DistributionofsupplierstotheAmsterdamandZeelandAdmiralty Boards 161 3.4 NumberofshipsbuiltperdecadebytheAmsterdamAdmiraltyshipyard, RotterdamAdmiraltyshipyard,andthevocshipyard,1661–1780 166 3.5 WorkersandsupervisorsattheAmsterdamnavalshipyardandstorehouse 171 3.6 SumspaidonwagesbythereceivergeneraloftheRotterdamAdmiraltyBoard, selectedyears(guilders) 175 3.7 Wagesofdifferentcategoriesoflabourersatthenavalshipyard,1781 177 3.8 YearlyincomeofbossesattheAmsterdamnavalshipyardintheeighteenth century(basedon226workingdays) 189 4.1 Gebhardt’sexpensesontrooppaymentsforanumberofselectedyears 237 4.2 Gebhardt’stenlargestcreditors,1698–1705 251