War and Peace in the Ancient World Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE I — #1 The Ancient World: Comparative Histories Series Editor:Kurt A. Raaflaub Published WarandPeaceintheAncientWorld EditedbyKurtA.Raaflaub Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE II — #2 War and Peace in the Ancient World Edited by Kurt A. Raaflaub Blackwell Publishing Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE III — #3 ©2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd BLACKWELLPUBLISHING 350MainStreet,Malden,MA02148-5020,USA 9600GarsingtonRoad,OxfordOX42DQ,UK 550SwanstonStreet,Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia TherightofKurtA.RaaflaubtobeidentifiedastheAuthoroftheEditorialMaterialinthis WorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designs,andPatentsAct1988, withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Firstpublished2007byBlackwellPublishingLtd 1 2007 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Warandpeaceintheancientworld/editedbyKurtA.Raaflaub. p.cm.—(Theancientworld—comparativehistories) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-1-4051-4525-1(hardback:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-4525-0(hardback:alk.paper) ISBN-13:978-1-4051-4526-8(pbk.:alk.paper) ISBN-10:1-4051-4526-9(pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Militaryhistory,Ancient. I.Raaflaub,KurtA.II.Series. U29.W34752007 303.6’60901—dc22 2006009425 AcataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Setin10/13ptGalliard byNewgenImagingSystems(P)Ltd.,Chennai,India PrintedandboundinSingapore byCOSPrintersPteLtd Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrommillsthatoperateasustainableforestry policy,andwhichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessedusingacid-freeandelementary chlorine-freepractices.Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaperandcoverboard usedhavemetacceptableenvironmentalaccreditationstandards. Forfurtherinformationon BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: www.blackwellpublishing.com Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE IV — #4 Contents SeriesEditor’sPreface vii NotesonContributors ix 1 Introduction:SearchingforPeaceintheAncientWorld 1 KurtA.Raaflaub 2 MakingWarandMakingPeaceinEarlyChina 34 RobinD.S.Yates 3 AncientIndia:PeaceWithinandWarWithout 53 RichardSalomon 4 WaterundertheStraw:PeaceinMesopotamia 66 BenjaminR.Foster 5 Making,Preserving,andBreakingthePeacewiththeHittiteState 81 RichardH.Beal 6 ConflictandReconciliationintheAncientMiddleEast:TheClashof EgyptianandHittiteChariotsinSyria,andtheWorld’sFirstPeace Treatybetween“Superpowers” 98 LannyBell 7 FromAchaemenidImperialOrdertoSasanianDiplomacy:War,Peace, andReconciliationinPre-IslamicIran 121 JosefWiesehöfer 8 WarandReconciliationintheTraditionsofAncientIsrael:Historical, Literary,andIdeologicalConsiderations 141 SusanNiditch Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE V — #5 VI CONTENTS 9 “TheyShallBeatTheirSwordsintoPlowshares”:AVisionofPeace ThroughJusticeandItsBackgroundintheHebrewBible 161 ThomasKrüger 10 “LaughingforJoy”:WarandPeaceAmongtheGreeks 172 LawrenceA.Tritle 11 WarandReconciliationinGreekLiterature 191 DavidKonstan 12 War,Peace,andInternationalLawinAncientGreece 206 VictorAlonso 13 WarandPeace,FearandReconciliationatRome 226 NathanRosenstein 14 ThePriceofPeaceinAncientRome 245 CarlinA.Barton 15 TheGatesofWar(andPeace):RomanLiteraryPerspectives 256 JeriBlairDeBrohun 16 EarlyChristianViewsonViolence,War,andPeace 279 LouisJ.Swift 17 FightforGod–ButDoSowithKindness:ReflectionsonWar,Peace, andCommunalIdentityinEarlyIslam 297 FredM.Donner 18 Peace,Reconciliation,andAllianceinAztecMexico 312 RossHassig 19 WarandPeaceintheIncaHeartland 329 CatherineJulien 20 TheLongPeaceAmongIroquoisNations 348 NetaC.Crawford Index 369 Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE VI — #6 Series Editor’s Preface The Ancient World: Comparative Histories The application of the comparative approach to the ancient world at large has been rare. The new series inaugurated with the present volume intends to fill this gap. It will pursue important social, political, religious, economic, and intellectual issues throughawiderangeofancientsocieties.“Ancient”willherebeunderstoodbroadly, encompassingnotonlysocietiesthatare“ancient”withinthetraditionalchronological framework of c. 3000 BCE to c. 600 CE in East, South, and West Asia, the Mediter- ranean, and Europe, but also later ones that are structurally “ancient” or “early,” suchasthoseinpremodernJapanorinMeso-andSouthAmericabeforetheSpanish conquest. Byengagingincomparativestudiesoftheancientworldonatrulyglobalscale,this serieswillthrowlightnotonlyoncommonpatternsandmarkeddifferencesbutalso illustratetheremarkablevarietyofresponseshumankinddevelopedtomeetcommon challenges. Focusing, as it does, on periods that are far removed from our own time andinwhichmodernidentitiesarelessimmediatelyengaged,theserieswillcontribute to enhancing our understanding and appreciation of differences among cultures of various traditions and backgrounds. Not least, it will thus illuminate the continuing relevanceofthestudyoftheancientworldinhelpingustocopewithproblemsofour ownmulticulturalworld. Topics to be dealt with in future volumes include the role of private religion and familycults;geography,ethnography,andperspectivesoftheworld;recordingthepast andwritinghistory;andthepreservationandtransformationofthepastinoralpoetic traditions. KurtA.Raaflaub Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE VII — #7 Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE VIII — #8 Notes on Contributors Victor Alonso is Professor of Ancient History at the University of La Coruña in Spain.Hereceivedhisdoctoratein1984withadissertationpublishedasNeutralidady neutralismoenlaGuerradelPeloponeso(1987).HehasbeenmemberlibreattheCasade VelázquezandSpanishaswellasHumboldtFellowattheUniversitiesofHeidelberg, Nancy,andMünster.InadditiontonumerousarticlesonGreekinternationallaw,he haspublishedabookonarchaicGreekcommerceandispreparingtheeditionofthe proceedingsofaconferenceonsuccessioninHellenistickingdoms. CarlinA.BartonreceivedherPh.D.fromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.She is currently Professor of History at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Her research has been focusing on the psychological and emotional life of the ancient Romans. Her main publications include The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster (1993) and Roman Honor: The Fire in the Bones (2001). SheiscurrentlyworkingontheemotionsofRomanculticlife. Richard H. Beal received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago, where he is SeniorResearchAssociateontheHittiteDictionaryProjectoftheOrientalInstitute. HisinterestsfocusonHittiteandMesopotamianpolitical,military,religious,andsocial history.Hehaspublishednumerousarticles,including“HittiteOracles”(2002)and “ThePredecessorsofHattušiliI”(2003),andTheOrganisationoftheHittiteMilitary (1992). LannyBellhasaPh.D.inEgyptologyfromtheUniversityofPennsylvania.Heserved onthefacultyoftheUniversityofChicagoandisnowanindependentscholaraswellas anAdjunctProfessoratBrownUniversity.From1977to1989hewasFieldDirector oftheEpigraphicSurveyoftheOrientalInstitute.HehaseditedavolumeonAncient Egypt,theAegeanandtheNearEast:StudiesinHonourofMarthaRhoadsBell(1997) andpublishedarticleson“TheEpigraphicSurveyandtheRescueoftheMonuments ofAncientEgypt”(1990)and“TheNewKingdom‘Divine’Temple:TheExampleof Luxor”(1997),amongothers. Neta C. Crawford is Professor of Political Science and African-American Studies at BostonUniversity.ShehasaPh.D.inPoliticalSciencefromMITandhaswrittenbooks Raaflaub: “FM” — 2006/9/6 — 18:24 — PAGE IX — #9