War Against Smallpox MichaelBennettprovidesthefirsthistoryoftheglobalspreadofvaccination during the Napoleonic Wars, offering a new assessment of the cowpox discoveryandEdwardJenner’sachievement inmakingcowpox inoculation aviableanduniversallyavailablepractice.Heexploresthenetworksthattook thevaccinearoundtheworldandthereceptionandestablishmentofvaccin- ation amongpeoples in all corners of the globe.His focus is onthe human storyofthehorrorsofsmallpox,thehopesinvestedinvaccinationbymedical menandparents,thechildrenputarm-to-armacrosstheworldandtheearly challenges,successesanddisappointments.Hepresentsvaccinationasaquiet revolution,genuinelyemancipatory,butalsothesharpendofgrowingstate power. By the end of the war in 1815, millions of children had been vaccinated.Theearlysuccessofthewaragainstsmallpoxpavedthewayto furtheradvancestowardseradication. michael bennett is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Tasmania.HeistheauthoroffourbooksonlatemedievalEnglandandisa FellowoftheAustralianAcademyofHumanitiesandaLifeMemberofClare Hall,Cambridge. War Against Smallpox Edward Jenner and the Global Spread of Vaccination Michael Bennett UniversityofTasmania UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521765671 DOI:10.1017/9781139019569 ©MichaelBennett2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Bennett,Michael,1949-author. Title:Waragainstsmallpox:EdwardJennerandtheglobalspreadofvaccination/ MichaelBennett,UniversityofTasmania. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversity Press,2020.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2019060150(print)|LCCN2019060151(ebook)| ISBN9780521765671(hardback)|ISBN9780521147880(paperback)| ISBN9781139019569(epub) Subjects:LCSH:Smallpox–Vaccination–History–18thcentury.|Smallpox– Vaccination–History–19thcentury.|Jenner,Edward,1749-1828. Classification:LCCRA644.S6B462020(print)|LCCRA644.S6(ebook)| DDC614.5/21–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019060150 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019060151 ISBN978-0-521-76567-1Hardback ISBN978-0-521-14788-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. For Fatimah, Masni and Amy Contents List of Figures page viii Preface and Acknowledgements ix List of Abbreviations andAcronyms xii 1 ATale of TwoDiseases: Smallpox and Cowpox 1 2 Fire withFire: Smallpox Inoculationin theEighteenth Century 32 3 GoodTidingsfromtheFarm:JennerandtheCowpoxDiscovery 65 4 NationalMobilisation:Vaccination inBritainand Ireland 94 5 VaccineDiaspora:Medical Networks ina WorldatWar 122 6 Vaccine’s Conquest ofNapoleonic Europe 149 7 The Guardian Pox inNorthern Europe 174 8 Across thePyrenees: Early VaccinationinSpainand Portugal 198 9 RomanovsandVaktsinovs:VaccinationintheRussianEmpire 222 10 Passage throughIndia:Vaccination inSouthAsia 243 11 ‘This NewInoculationIs No Sham!’:Vaccination inNorth America 267 12 ANew Pox for theNew World:Vaccination inLatin America 295 13 OceanicVaccine: The World Encircled 325 14 The World Arm-to-Arm: Jenner and the Vaccination Revolution 351 Select Bibliography 381 Index 387 vii Figures 1.1 Variola (Smallpox). Plaster cast (Universitäts-Hautklinick Münster) page 12 2.1 View ofthe Smallpox Hospitalnear St Pancras, 1771 (Wellcome Collections) 48 3.1 Portrait of Edward Jenner. Pastel on vellum byJohn Raphael Smith,1800 (Wellcome Collections) 89 4.1 Vaccination. Amonster being fedbasketsof infantsand excreting them withhorns; symbolising vaccination and its effects. Etching by C. Williams, 1805 (Wellcome Collections) 111 4.2 Ann Davis, awomanwithsmallpox and horns growingout of her head. Stipple engravingby T. Woolnoth, 1806(Wellcome Collections) 117 6.1 Admirable Effet de la Vaccine, 1801(WellcomeCollections) 160 7.1 Medal celebrating vaccination (German,early nineteenth century), (reverse) children holding hands dancingaround the cow, angel amidclouds above holding a garland of roses (British Museum) 192 8.1 Babyboyshowingvaccinationscar, engravingby Jose deFonseca, adapting original by Louis-Pierre Baltard, 1801 (Hernández, Pedro,Origenydescubrimientodelavaccina(Madrid,1801)) 209 9.1 Vaccinating among the Buryats,1805–6,watercolour by Dr Joseph Rehmann (WürttembergischeLandesbibliothek, Stuttgart). 234 9.2 Lubokpromoting vaccination (V. O. Gubert, Ospa i ospoprivivanie (St Petersburg, 1896)) 237 10.1 Sitala, goddess of smallpox andother epidemics, watercolour (WellcomeCollections) 247 12.1 Map of thespread ofvaccinationin SpanishAmerica: Route of theRoyal andPhilanthropicVaccine Expedition (1803–12) 297 13.1 Map of thespread ofvaccinationin theIndian Ocean and SouthChina Sea 326 viii