Don’t Forget Your Online Access to Mobile. Searchable. Expandable. ACCESS it on any Internet-ready device SEARCH all Expert Consult titles you own LINK to PubMed abstracts ALREADY REGISTERED? FIRST-TIME USER? 1. Log in at expertconsult.com 1. REGISTER 2. Scratch off your Activation Code below • Click “Register Now” at expertconsult.com 3. Enter it into the “Add a Title” box • Fill in your user information and click “Continue” 4. Click “Activate Now” 2. ACTIVATE YOUR BOOK 5. Click the title under “My Titles” • Scratch off your Activation Code below • Enter it into the “Enter Activation Code” box • Click “Activate Now” • Click the title under “My Titles” For technical assistance: Activation Code email [email protected] call 800-401-9962 (inside the US) call +1-314-995-3200 (outside the US) W A L L A N D M E L Z A C K ’ S TEXTBOOK OF PAIN W A L L A N D M E L Z A C K ’ S TEXTBOOK OF PAIN SIXTH EDITION EDITED BY Stephen B. McMahon, FMedSci, FSB Irene Tracey, MA (Oxon.), PhD, FRCA Sherrington Professor of Physiology Nuffield Professor of Anaesthetic Science Director, London Pain Consortium Director, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Academic Lead, Europain Imaging of the Brain Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Head, Nuffield Division Anaesthetics King’s College London Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences London, UK University of Oxford Oxford, UK Martin Koltzenburg, MD, FRCP Dennis C. Turk, PhD Professor of Clinical Neurophysiology UCL Institute of Neurology John and Emma Bonica Professor of Anesthesiology and Co-Director, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases Pain Research University College London Director, Center for Pain Research on Impact, Measurement, Head of Department and Effectiveness (C-PRIME) Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery University of Washington UCLH NHS Foundation Trust Seattle, Washington, USA Queen Square, London, UK 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 WALL AND MELZACK’S TEXTBOOK OF PAIN ISBN: 978-0-7020-4059-7 Copyright © 2013 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Ltd. Copyright © 1984, Longman Group Limited Copyright © 1989, 1994 Longman Group UK Limited Copyright © 1999, Harcourt Publishers Limited Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our web- site: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treat- ment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluat- ing and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wall and Melzack’s textbook of pain / edited by Stephen B. McMahon ... [et al.]. -- 6th ed. p. ; cm. Textbook of pain McMahon’s name appears first on the 5th edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7020-4059-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. McMahon, S. B. (Stephen B.) II. Title: Textbook of pain. [DNLM: 1. Pain. 2. Pain Management--methods. WL 704] 616’.0472--dc23 2012029999 Executive Content Strategist: Michael Houston Manager, Content Development: Rebecca Gruliow Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: Sharon Corell Design Direction: Steven Stave Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Patrick Wall teacher, colleague, and friend (cid:55)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:73)(cid:87)(cid:3)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:78) Contributors Zahid Ali, PhD Inna Belfer, MD, PhD Senior Director Associate Professor Clinical Research Departments of Anesthesiology and Human Genetics Pfizer Neusentis Director Cambridge, UK Molecular Epidemiology of Pain Program University of Pittsburgh/UPMC David A. Andersson, PhD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Lecturer in Physiology Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Carlos Belmonte, MD, PhD King’s College London Professor London, UK Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante Universidad Miguel Hernandez-CSIC A. Vania Apkarian, PhD Alicante, Spain Professor Department of Physiology David L.H. Bennett, MB, PhD Northwestern University Reader in Pain Neurosciences Feinberg School of Medicine The Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience Chicago, Illinois, USA The University of Oxford Oxford, UK Mark L. Baccei, PhD Associate Professor Charles B. Berde, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology Chief University of Cincinnati Division of Pain Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Miroslav (Misha) Bačkonja, MD Professor of Anesthesia and Pediatrics Medical Director of Neuroscience Harvard Medical School CRILifeTree Clinical Research Boston, Massachusetts, USA Salt Lake City, Utah Emeritus Professor Odd-Geir Berge, DDS, PhD Department of Neurology Adjunct Professor University of Wisconsin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala Madison, Wisconsin, USA Uppsala Berzelii Center Uppsala, Sweden Ralf Baron, MD Professor Stuart Bevan, PhD Chair of the Division of Neurological Pain Research Professor of Pharmacology and Therapy Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases Department of Neurology King’s College London University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein London, UK Kiel, Germany Klaus Bielefeldt, MD, PhD Simon Beggs, PhD Associate Professor of Medicine Research Associate Division of Gastroenterology Assistant Professor University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Faculty of Dentistry Andreas Binder, MD University of Toronto Consultant Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy Department of Neurology University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein Kiel, Germany vii viii CONTRIBUTORS Harald Breivik, MD, DMedSci A.D. (Bud) Craig, PhD Professor Atkinson Research Scientist University of Oslo Barrow Neurological Institute Consultant Phoenix, Arizona Department of Pain Management and Research Research Professor Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet Cell Biology and Anatomy Oslo, Norway University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona Kay Brune, MD, PhD Research Professor Doerenkamp Professor Department of Psychology Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Arizona State University and Toxicology Tempe, Arizona, USA Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Erlangen, Germany John B. Davis, PhD Biology Head M. Catherine Bushnell, PhD Convergence Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Harold Griffith Professor Cambridge, UK Department of Anesthesia McGill University John M. Dawes, PhD Montreal, Quebec, Canada Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases King’s College London Asokumar Buvanendran, MD London, UK Director of Orthopedic Anesthesia Professor of Anesthesiology Marshall Devor, PhD Rush University Medical Center Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Chicago, Illinois, USA Institute of Life Sciences and the Center for Research on Pain The Hebrew University of Jerusalem James N. Campbell, MD Jerusalem, Israel Professor Emeritus Department of Neurosurgery Anthony Dickenson, BSc, PhD The Johns Hopkins University Professor of Neuropharmacology CEO Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology Arcion Therapeutics University College London Baltimore, Maryland, USA London, UK H. Isaac Chen, MD Andrew Dickman, DPharm, MSc Resident Consultant Pharmacist Department of Neurosurgery Department of Palliative Care Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Blackpool, UK Consultant Pharmacist Nathan I. Cherny, MBBS, FRACP, FRCP Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool (MCPCIL) Norman Levan Chair of Humanistic Medicine University of Liverpool Cancer Pain and Palliative Medicine Service Liverpool, UK Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem, Israel Andrew Dilley, PhD Lecturer in Anatomy John J. Collins, MBBS, PhD, FAChPM, FFPMANZCA, Division of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation FRACP Brighton and Sussex Medical School Head of Department University of Sussex Pain Medicine and Palliative Care Falmer, Brighton, UK The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical Associate Professor Ray J. Dolan, MD Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health Mary Kinross Professor of Neuropsychiatry University of Sydney Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging Sydney, New South Wales, Australia University College London London, UK Michael J. Dorsi, MD Neurosurgeon Ventura County Neurosurgical Associates Community Memorial Hospital Ventura, California, USA CONTRIBUTORS ix Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, BSc, MSc, PhD Herta Flor, PhD Professor Emeritus Scientific Director Department of Physiology Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Faculty of Medicine Central Institute of Mental Health and University of Department of Oral Physiology Heidelberg, Mannheim Faculty of Dentistry Mannheim, Germany University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Karen Forbes, MBChB, EdD Professorial Teaching Fellow John E. Ellershaw, MBBCh, MA, FRCP University of Bristol Professor of Palliative Medicine Honorary Consultant in Palliative Medicine Marie Curie Palliative Care Institute Liverpool (MCPCIL) Department of Palliative Medicine University of Liverpool University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool, UK Bristol, UK Edzard Ernst, MD, PhD, FMedSci, FSB, FRCP, FRCPEd Lucia Gagliese, PhD Professor Associate Professor Department of Complementary Medicine School of Kinesiology and Health Science Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter York University Exeter, Devon, UK Senior Scientist Ontario Cancer Institute David Felson, MD, MPH University Health Network Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Scientist Department of Medicine Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management Boston University School of Medicine University Health Network Boston, Massachusetts, USA Toronto, Ontario, Canada Howard L. Fields, MD, PhD Gerald F. Gebhart, PhD Professor Director, Center for Pain Research Department of Neurology Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco University of Pittsburgh San Francisco, California, USA Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Nanna Brix Finnerup, MD, DrMedSc Jennifer L. Gibbs, MAS, DDS, PhD Associate Professor Assistant Professor Danish Pain Research Center Department of Endodontics Aarhus University New York University Aarhus, Denmark New York, New York, USA David A. Fishbain, BSC (Hon), MSC, MD, Ian Gilron, MD, MSc, FRCPC Distinguished FAPA Director of Clinical Pain Research Professor Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine Department of Psychiatry Queen’s University Miller School of Medicine Professor, Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative University of Miami Medicine and Biomedical & Molecular Sciences Adjunct Professor Queen’s University Departments of Neurological Surgery and Anesthesiology Kingston, Ontario, Canada Miller School of Medicine Professor Peter J. Goadsby, MD, PhD, DSc Research Professor Rosomoff Pain Center Headache Group–Department of Neurology Miami, Florida, USA University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, California, USA Maria Fitzgerald, BA, PhD, FMedSci Professor of Developmental Neurobiology Michael S. Gold, PhD Department of Neuroscience, Physiology, and Pharmacology Professor University College London Department of Anesthesiology London, UK University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA