A m e r i c a n A c P a ROCEEDINGS d e m y AAmmeerriiccaann o f F AAccaaddeemmyy o r e n ooff FFoorreennssiicc s i c S SScciieenncceess c i e n c e s PP R O C E E D I N AAnnnnuuaall SScciieennttiiffiicc MMeeeettiinngg G SSeeaattttllee,, WWAA S FFeebbrruuaarryy 2222--2277,, 22001100 2 0 1 0 V O L U M E 1 6 PROCEEDINGS of theAmericanAcademy of Forensic Sciences February 2010 Volume XVI Contents Special Sessions............................................................................3 Breakfast Seminars.......................................................................6 Luncheon Seminars.....................................................................10 Workshops...................................................................................11 Scientific Sessions Criminalistics.........................................................................19 Digital &Multimedia Sciences...........................................136 Engineering Sciences...........................................................149 General.................................................................................177 Jurisprudence.......................................................................216 Odontology..........................................................................240 Pathology/Biology...............................................................272 PhysicalAnthropology........................................................338 Psychiatry &Behavioral Science........................................419 Questioned Documents........................................................430 Toxicology...........................................................................442 Last Word.............................................................................467 Financial Disclosure Index.......................................................473 Key Word Index........................................................................492 PresentingAuthor Index...........................................................503 SPECIAL SESSIONS Seattle 2010 Seattle 2010 S1 PuttingOurForensicHouseinOrder: Appeals for the DC Circuit, before the United States Senate CommitteeontheJudiciary,March18,2009. TheBestPathForward? TheReportprovidedattorneysandotheractivistswiththemeansto garner the attention of the media and legislators to advance efforts to BettyLayneDesPortes,JD*,Benjamin&DesPortes,PC,POBox2464, reform the forensic science system. Some of the reform efforts have Richmond,VA23218;ThomasL.Bohan,PhD,JD*,MTCForensics,54 focused on setting standards and providing resources for research, Pleasant Avenue, Peaks Island, ME 04108; Peter M. Marone, MS*, training,andcertificationofforensicscientists. Otherefforts;however, Department of Forensic Science, 700 North 5th Street, Richmond, VA have focused on adopting legislation to regulate the presentation of 23219;KennethE.Melson,JD*,BureauofAlcohol,Firearms,Tobacco,& forensicsciencetestimonyandevidenceincourt. Explosives, 99 New York Avenue, NE, Suite 5S 100, Washington, DC These reform efforts raise the question whether attorneys and 20226;PeterNeufeld,JD*,InnocenceProject,100FifthAve,3rdFloor, legislators, through laws and court rules, should be telling forensic NewYork,NY10011;BarbaraJ.Rothstein,JD*,FederalJudicialCenter, scientists how to do their jobs. Relevant to the debate is the need for ThurgoodMarshallFederalJudiciaryBuilding,OneColumbusCircleNE, regulationandtheeffectivenessofcourtruleandlegislativecontrols. Washington, DC 20002-8003; Marvin Schechter, JD*, 1790 Broadway, Guided by the proposals submitted by professional organizations, Suite710,NewYork,NY10019;EdwardJ.Ungvarsky,JD*,1853Newton governmental entities, and private groups, the potential effectiveness Street, Northwest, Washington, DC 20010; and Nicole L. Waters, PhD*, andutilityofreformeffortsinthefederalandstatecourtsystemswillbe NationalCenterforStateCourts,300NewportAvenue,Williamsburg,VA analyzed in this session. Invited organizations include the Innocence 23185-4147 Project, Consortium of Forensic Science Organizations, National AssociationofCriminalDefenseLawyers,theAAFSPresident’sPanel The forensic science community has had an eventful year. In New on Scientific Integrity, and representatives from federal Mexico,GovernorBillRichardsoncitedforensicscienceasafactorin executiveagencies. hisdecisiontoendorsetherepealofthedeathpenaltyinhisstate,both Thegoalsaretoprovokedebateandtoachieveworkablesolutionsto forprovingtheoccurrenceofwrongfulconvictionsandasacausalfactor theproblemshighlightedbytheNASReport. inwrongfulconvictions: InterdisciplinarySymposium,NASReport,Reform “Thesystemisinherentlydefective. DNAtestinghasproven that. Innocent people have been put on death row all across the country. Even with the advances in DNA and other forensic evidence technologies, we can’t be 100-percent S2 TheFutureofForensicScience:WhereWe certain that only the truly guilty are convicted of capital AreandWhereWeAreGoing crimes. Evidence, including DNA evidence, can be manipulated.” Arliss I. Dudley-Cash, BA*, 17 Pond View Court, Iowa City, IA 52240; PressReleaseofGovernorBillRichardson,March18,2009 Tanisha V. Henson, BS, 1605 Vosspark Way, Sacramento, CA 95835; This duality in the reputation of forensic science, as a method of Rachael Lehr, MS, 5839 Oakland Avenue, Minneapolis, MN 55417; proving the truth to achieve justice and as a means of fostering SamanthaH.Neal,BS,302OglebayHall,POBox6217,Morgantown,WV incompetencetosubvertjustice,resonatedthroughoutthecountryinthe 26506-6217;DadeL.Chisler,BS,383BlacksRunRoad,Core,WV26541; wakeofthereleaseoftheNASReport,“StrengtheningForensicScience Amanda K. Kilgore, BS, Iowa DCI Crime Lab, 2240 South Ankeny in the United States: A Path Forward.” Forensic scientists and Boulevard, Ankeny, IA 50023; Anthony M. Sutter, BS, 966 Pope Court, professional organizations immediately issued press releases, white Ripon, CA 95366; Stephanie M. Crider, BA, Louisiana State University, papers, and calls for action to address the Report’s indictment of the Department of Geography & Anthropology, 227 Home Russell, Baton forensic science system as fragmented, inconsistent, and weakly Rouge, LA 70803; Casandra L. Hernandez, MSFS, 1000 River Walk governed. The contents and conclusions of the Report were not Boulevard,Apartment802,Shreveport,LA71105;JennaL.Oakes-Smith, surprisingorunexpectedforthescientistsasmanywithintheirrankshad MFS*,St.LouisMetroPoliceDepartment,1200ClarkAvenue,SaintLouis, been struggling for years to bring enforceable standards to their MO63103;MelissaDeBerry,BS,106DogwoodDrive,South,Florence, scientificdisciplines. MS 39073; Kelly L. Brown, MS, 221 Milford Mill Road, Pikesville, MD For others, attorneys and legislators – even those familiar with the 21208;JenniferW.Mercer,BS,WestVirginiaUniversity,217ClarkHall, justicesystem–theReportwasanalarm. Theshockingtruthwasthat Morgantown,WV26506;ThomasL.Bohan,PhD,JD*,MTCForensics,54 thepeoplewithinthejusticesystemhadlittleknowledgeorappreciation PleasantAvenue,PeaksIsland,ME04108;CarolHenderson,JD*,Stetson oftherealityofforensicsciencepractice. Asoneoftheauthorsofthe University,CollegeofLaw,140161stStreet,South,Gulfport,FL33707; ReportstatedtoCongress: Anjali R. Swienton, MFS, JD*, SciLawForensics, Ltd., 25 Walnutwood “I had never heard an appeal in which a criminal defendant Court,Germantown,MD20874;VincentJ.Desiderio,MS*,NewJersey challenged the admission of forensic evidence at trial . . . I StatePolice,CentralLaboratory,1200NegronRoad,Hamilton,NJ08691; simplyassumed,asIsuspectmanyofmyjudicialcolleagues Randall Lockwood, PhD*, 2214 Tulip Drive, Falls Church, VA 22046; do,thatforensicsciencedisciplinestypicallyaregroundedin VernonJ.Geberth,MS,MPS*,POBox197,Garnerville,NY10923;Aric scientific methodology and that crime laboratories and Dutelle, MFS*, University of Wisconsin - Platteville, Criminal Justice forensic science practitioners generally are bound by solid Department - 1147 Ullsvik, 1 University Plaza, Platteville, WI 53818; practicesthatensureforensicscienceevidenceofferedincourt Richard Vorder Bruegge, PhD*, Federal Bureau of Investigation, OTD- is valid and reliable. I was surprisingly mistaken in what I FAVIAU,Building27958A,PodE,Quantico,VA22135;MarkR.McCoy, assumed.” EdD*, University of Central Oklahoma, Forensic Science Institute, 100 StatementofTheHonorableHarryT.Edwards,SeniorCircuit North University, Edmond, OK 73034; Christina A. Malone, MFS*, Judge and Chief Judge Emeritus United States Court of USACIL,4930North31stStreet,Building925,ForestPark,GA30297; *PresentingAuthor 3 GregoryA.Schmunk,MD*,PolkCountyMedicalExaminer'sOffice,1914 ES1 American Society of Crime Laboratory CarpenterAvenue,DesMoines,IA50314;CherylD.Hunter*,American Directors/Laboratory Accreditation Board AcademyofForensicSciences,410North21stStreet,ColoradoSprings, CO80904;LucyA.Davis,BHS*,18VanBurenStreet,Albany,NY12206; (ASCLD/LAB) Symposium – The National RobinBowen,MA*,1600UniversityAvenue,POBox6217,Morgantown, Academy of Sciences Report: Impacts of WV 26506-6217; and Susan M. Ballou, MS*, National Institute of Selected Recommendations on The Standards&Technology,LawEnforcementStandards,100BureauDrive, MS8102,Gaithersburg,MD20899-8102 OperationofForensicScienceLaboratories Throughout the past twelve years the Young Forensic Scientists Joseph P. Bono, MA*, Forensic Sciences Program, Indiana Forum has provided a program for a group of attendees ranging from University/Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, students to professionals new to their career in forensic science. The Indianapolis, IN 46202; Kenneth E. Melson, JD*, Bureau of Alcohol, programhasgrownandcontinuestochangeeachyearsinceitsinception Tobacco,Firearms,&Explosives,99NewYorkAvenue,Northeast,Suite5S toprovidestudentsandscientistswithfiveyearsexperienceorless,with 100,Washington,DC20226;PeterNeufeld,JD*,100FifthAvenue,3rd themostqualityinformationpossible.Thecontinuinggoalistoprovide Floor, New York, NY 10011; Peter M. Marone, MS*, Department of topicsrelevanttotheireducationandtraining. TheForumalsoseeksto ForensicScience,700North5thStreet,Richmond,VA23219;andDeanM. provide a comfortableenvironment for students and professionals new Gialamas, MS*, Orange County Sheriff-Coroner Department, Forensic to their respective fields to establish contacts and communicate with ScienceServices,320NorthFlowerStreet,SantaAna,CA92703 theirpeersandwithmoreexperiencedmembersandfellowsofAAFS. This year proves to be exciting with a focus on the future of forensics withthetheme,“TheFutureofForensics: WhereWeAreandWhereWe The Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Are Going.” Speakers will share their experience, casework, and Community: CommitteeonAppliedandTheoreticalStatisticsNational research in order to give participants an idea as to some of the new Research Council issued the report Strengthening Forensic Science in advances in forensic techniques, equipment, and even “what not the United States: A Path Forward. This report contains thirteen towear.” “recommendations” all of which are important and will be impacted, Following the daily session, the program will continue with an perhaps indirectly, but impacted none-the-less, by legislative action in evening session titled, “Young Forensic Scientists Forum Poster Washington, DC. The requirements to which forensic science Session.” Thepostersessionwillfeaturepostersbyundergraduateand laboratorieswillbeexpectedtoconformintheUnitedStateswillchange graduatestudentsaswellasforensicscienceprofessionals. Theposter overthenextfewyears. session will also present new, emerging forensic research, and There are three recommendations which will most probably impact technologiestoattendees. forensic science laboratory accreditation and will have an TheannualYFSFBringYourOwnSlidesSession,withpresentations immediate effect on the following: the way forensic scientists report from students and emerging forensic scientists, is scheduled for analyticalfindings;thewayinwhichalaboratoryexistswithinaparent Wednesdayevening.TheprogramwillcontinueThursdaymorningwith organization’s structure; and, the requirement to conform to theannualYFSFBreakfastMeeting,aCV/resumereview,andvarious accreditationandcertificationstandards. Thespecificelementsofthese jobrelatedpresentations. Thepresenterswillfocusonavarietyoftopics threerecommendations,inaparaphrasedformat,are: relating to the importance of professionalism when entering into the Recommendation2: Inconformancewithstandardsincludingbutnot forensic science field and will share knowledge with participants limitedtoISO17025,standardterminologywillbeusedinreportingon throughanopenquestionandanswerperiod. and testifying about the results of forensic science investigations. It is the goal of the YFSF to foster relationships between the Laboratory reports for different forensic science participantsofthesessionwithpeersaswellasestablishedmembersof disciplinesshouldspecifythresholdminimuminformationnecessaryfor AAFSandtoprovideforasmoothtransitionfromstudent,toemerging a proper interpretation of results included in the report documentation scientist,toestablishedmember. WiththeForumgroupsettingandthe andtestimony. Aspartoftheaccreditationandcertificationprocesses, varietyofprogramsofferedthroughouttheweek,theYFSFwillnotonly laboratories and forensic scientists should be required to utilize model provide academic and relevant technical information to attendees, but laboratoryreportswhensummarizingtheresultsoftheiranalyses. The willalsocultivaterelationshipsthatwilllastthroughoutacareer. terminologyusedinreportingandtestifyingabouttheresultsofforensic YFSF,Special,Session scienceinvestigationsmustbestandardized. Aside-by-sideanalysiswill be presented comparing the existing reporting standards and terminology definitions found in ISO 17025 with the ASCLD/LAB supplemental requirements. Discussions will center on the need for changesintheaccreditationprogramregardingterminologyandreport writing. Recommendation 4: To improve the scientific bases of forensic scienceexaminationsandtomaximizeindependencefromorautonomy withinthelawenforcementcommunity,Congressshouldauthorizeand appropriateincentivefundsforallocationtostateandlocaljurisdictions forthepurposeofremovingallpublicforensiclaboratoriesandfacilities from the administrative control of law enforcement agencies or prosecutors’offices. DiscussionswillexplorethesufficiencyoftheISO 17025standardsforscientificintegrityandautonomyoflaboratoriesin lightoftheNRCreport. Recommendation 7: Laboratory accreditation and individual certificationofforensicscienceprofessionalsshouldbemandatoryand all forensic science professionals should have access to a certification process. In determining appropriate standards for accreditation and certification, the [oversight body] should take into account established 4 *PresentingAuthor and recognized international standards, such as those published by the sciences. This session will also provide an opportunity for Academy InternationalOrganizationforStandardization(ISO). Noperson(public memberstoprovideinputandcommentarytotheSubcommitteeregarding orprivate)shouldbeallowedtopracticeinaforensicsciencediscipline thepathforward. ortestifyasaforensicscienceprofessionalwithoutcertification. WhiteHouse,NASReport,ForensicScience Difficult challenges lie ahead for achieving realistic mandatory certification. Possibilities exist within accreditation programs to facilitate and provide opportunities for the functional equivalent of certification. Options for certifications within the accreditation frameworkwillbedebated. Theprogramwillincludepresentationsbyallspeakers,followedby questions from the moderator to the panel. The session will conclude withquestionsfromtheaudiencetothepanelmembers. ASCLD/LABAccreditation,NASReport,NASRecommendations ES2 WhiteHouseSubcommitteeon ForensicScience Joseph P. Bono, MA*, Forensic Sciences Program, Indiana University/Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Kenneth E. Melson, JD*, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,Firearms,&Explosives,99NewYorkAvenue,Northeast,Suite5S 100,Washington,DC20226;MarkD.Stolorow,MBA,100BureauDrive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; and Duane Blackburn, MS, Office of Science and Technology, 3524 International Court Northwest, Washington, DC 20008 Acriticalfirststephasbeentakeninournation’seffortstoimprovethe scientific foundation of forensic science, as called for in the National AcademiesofScience(NAS)reportStrengtheningForensicSciencesinthe United States: APath Forward, as well as other reports. The National ScienceandTechnologyCouncil(NSTC),undertheoversightoftheOffice ofScienceandTechnologyPolicy,establishedaSubcommitteeonForensic ScienceonJuly7,2009. TheNSTC,aCabinet-levelCouncilchairedby the President of the United States, is the principal means within the executive branch to coordinate science and technology policy. The SubcommitteeonForensicSciencehasthreeco-chairs,oneeachfromthe NationalInstituteforStandardsandTechnology,theDepartmentofJustice, andtheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy. TheSubcommitteehas fiveinteragencyworkinggroups(IWGs)eachofwhichfocusesonspecific recommendationsoftheNASreport: • Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation (RDT&E) • Standards,Practices,andProtocols • EducationandEthics • CertificationandAccreditation • Outreach TheSubcommitteeandIWGsarecomposedofindividualsrepresenting federal,state,andlocalpubliccrimelaboratoriesandotherfederalandstate governmentalbodies. The Subcommittee is inviting AAFS members to meet with Subcommitteeco-chairsandrepresentativesofeachIWGforanupdateon progressbeingmadetodeveloprecommendationstoimprovetheforensic *PresentingAuthor 5 BREAKFAST SEMINARS Seattle 2010 Seattle 2010 BS1 The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Case presentations will discuss how untrained and unqualified “experts,” Joe and Laurie Braga, used highly leading, suggestive Syndrome (CSAAS): AMyth That Should interviewing strategies, and the use of anatomically detailed dolls be Banished From the Courts – Lessons detailed in the videotapes they maintained; and detail the multiple From the Country Walk Case children interviewed by the same people who produced horrific and bizarre stories of sexual assault, being satanically ritually abused by maskedmen,snakes,drills,andotherobjects. MohanNair,MD*,POBox849,SealBeach,CA90740;RobFriedman, Theonlychildwhoapparentlyshowedphysicalevidenceofabuse JD*,301SouthMonroeStreet,Suite401,Talahasse,FL32301 wasFranciscoFuster'sson,Noel,whotestedpositiveforgonorrheaof thethroat;however,theevidencewasdestroyedthreedayslater,before After attending this presentation, attendees will learn about the thedefensehadanyopportunitytoretest. Thevalidityofthetestresults concept of the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome werequestionedandNoel,nowanadulthasrepeatedlyclaimedthathe (CSAAS), current scientific support (or lack thereof), and concerns wascoercedtomakefalseallegationsagainsthisfather. IleanaFuster, aboutongoingmisuseofCSAASinthecourtroom. Francisco’s wife and codefendant claims that she was, kept naked in This presentation will impact the forensic science community by solitary confinement and subjected to hypnotic brainwashing and providing details of mental health professionals, lawyers, judges, law coercedintotestifyingagainstherhusbandforareducedsentence. enforcement, and child protection workers who deal with sexually The Country Walk case is important in that the prosecution (and abusedchildrenwillbemadeawareoftheongoingconcernsaboutthe their experts) have insisted that it was an investigation and trialwhere lackofvalidityofCSAASanditsharmfulimpactinlegalproceedings everything was done “right.” It remains a high profile case, handled involvingchildsexualvictimization. closely by then Florida Attorney General Janet Reno, a case with In the early 1980s, courts eagerly admitted expert testimony in multiple appeals, one where academics continue to fight over at the childsexualabuseprosecutionsbecauseofincreasedpublicawareness presenttime. AtragicdifferencebetweenCountryWalkandtheother of the problem of child sexual abuse. In 1983, Dr. Roland Summit cases is that in the other cases, the courts reversed the findings. published an article titled The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation FranciscoFusterremainsconvictedandinprison. Syndrome(CSAAS)inordertodispelcertainmisconceptionsregarding FalseMemories,RitualAbuse,AccommodationSyndrome the behaviors of the sexually abused child. Summit classified the reactionsofthesexuallyabusedchildintofivecategories: (1)secrecy; (2) helplessness; (3) entrapment and accommodation; (4) delayed, BS2 Fatal Forensic Moments — When conflicted, and unconvincing disclosure; and (5) retraction. This scientificallyunsubstantiatedandflawedtheorybecamethewellspring Murphy's Law Enters the Court of Law of“expertevidence“inshowingthatachildhadbeensexuallyabusedin thefaceofdatathatmaysuggestotherwise. SusanE.Morton,BA*,821KainsAvenue,SanBruno,CA94066 About a decade later, due to the concerns about the misuse of CSAASasaCSAdiagnostictool,Summit,in1992,explainedthathis Thispresentationwilltakealight-heartedlookatsomeunexpected 1983 theory was a "clinical opinion and not a scientific instrument.” disasters experts have faced in court and lived to tell about. The How meaningful this “retraction” was remains unclear in view of Dr. experienced expert may relive some or his or her own moments; the Summit’sinsistence(atleastasof1994)thatthechildrenofMcMartin novicemaybeheartenedtolearnthathumanmomentscanbesurvived. wereindeedabusedandthetunnelsunderthepreschoolarereal. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by Much of the premise for Summit's Child Sexual Abuse providingperspectiveoncourtroommisadventuresandbenefitfromthe AccommodationSyndromehasbeenfoundtobenottrue. Morerecent wisdomofthosewhohavesurvivedthem. studies of disclosure do not suggest any association between the Weallprepareforthingsthatcangowrong,butwhataboutthose relationship to the perpetrator and the delay. Higher disclosure rates thingsthatwereneverthoughtof? Thatcouldn’tpossiblyhappen? Just wereassociatedwithincidentsofsexualabusethatinvolvedthreatsof howdoesanexpertmakeanaccidentalhead-firstsummersaultintothe physicalinjuryratherthantheotherwayaroundasheclaimed. Onlya jury box look like part of a well prepared presentation? How did that minorityofchildrenwhomadeclaimsofCSArecant. buggetintomyunderwearandwhereisitgoingnext? WhyamIsitting Though no longer in the textbooks, with no new research that on the floor surrounded by splintered wood instead of on the witness supports it in 20 years and overwhelming research that undermines its chair? All of these events were not related to the evidence being premise,CSAAScontinuestoberolledoutintocourtsby“experts“to presentedoranythingelsethatanyonemighthaveimaginedhappening. “rehabilitate” alleged victims whose accounts and circumstances lack Nooneblundered;fatesimplyintervened. credibility. Arecent high profile case where CSAAS was used by the Manyoftheseeventshavebefallenthepresenter;otheryarnshave prosecution involved the allegations against singer MichaelJackson in been gathered over a long career comparing notes with colleagues, 2006. CSAASisadangeroustheorythatfailstomeetthethresholdfor usuallywhileconsumingadultbeverages. Everyonehasastory—andI Daubert, has done immense damage and no good, and needs to be amgratefulthatsomehavesharedtheirswithme. Iwillpassthemalong banishedfromthecourtroom. and hope that you enjoy these tales as much as I have, and indeed, as AnotablemisuseoftheCSAASisthe1984CountryWalk(Florida) muchastheparticipantsdo,nowatasafelyremotetime. childmolestationcasewhichresultedina35-year-oldCubanimmigrant Theattendeemaygainsomeinsightinhowtosurvivedisastersor being sentenced to 165 years in prison and shares the same bizarre atleastthewisdomtoknowthattheycanbesurvived. Humiliationis characteristicsasotherinfamousCSAcasesofthatera: theMcMartin nottheendoflifeasweknowit. Egossurvive,careerssurvive,andthe PreschoolcaseinManhattanBeachCalifornia,theKellyMichaels(Wee courtscarryon. Care)caseinNewJersey,andtheLittleRascalscaseinNorthCarolina, Testimony,Disaster,Wisdom allofwhichhavebeenreversed. 6 *PresentingAuthor BS3 Cold Cases: An Evaluation Model BS4 Patriotism, Perseverance, andAdaptability – for Investigators TheAmazingStoryofBattlefieldForensics James M.Adcock, PhD*, 1812 Rambling Rose Lane, Hattiesburg, MS David Wikoff, BA, United States Army Intelligence Center, USAIC, Fort 39402; and Sarah L. Stein, MFS*, 1812 Rambling Rose Lane, Huachuca,AZ; and Michael J. Salyards, PhD*, 4930 North 31st Street, Hattiesburg,MS39402 ForestPark,GA30297 Afterattendingthispresentation,attendeeswill: (1)understandthe Afterattendingthispresentation,theattendeeswillbebriefedonsome roleofforensicscienceintheexpeditionaryenvironment;and(2)learn ofthereasonswhytheUnitedStateshassomanycoldcases(unresolved thehistoryofbattlefieldforensics. homicides). Theywillthenlearnhowtoconductanorganizedapproachof This presentation will impact the forensic science community by analyzing and evaluating old investigations with a view towards an discussing a transformational application of forensic science and accurateresolutionwithasuccessfulprosecution. highlightsthededicationandingenuityofseveralkeyplayers. This presentation will impact the forensic community by providing This presentation recalls the story of three men who transformed law enforcement agencies with a finite, scientific approach to the thewayforensicscienceisusedonthebattlefield. During2004–2005, evaluation process for unresolved homicides. If the model is diligently DavidWikoff, Greg Pitsenberger, and John “Crit” Bartley accepted an followeditshouldsignificantlycontributetothesolvabilityofthesecrimes. experimental mission in Iraq to identify combatants hiding within the In the United States, there are literally thousands of unresolved local populace by recovering latent fingerprints. Their efforts led the homicidesandconsideringthepastandpresentclearanceratesthathover movement to permanently implement forensics in the expeditionary around62%,thisnumberofcoldcaseswillincreaseovertime. Thecauses environment. Interviewsoftheseheroeswithpicturesandstatisticswill ofthephenomenaaremanyandwhilenotdetailedinthislecturesomeof be used to tell this impressive story and show the effectiveness of the significant reasons will be mentioned as a backdrop to the forensicscienceinthetacticalarena. proposedmodel. In2004,ImprovisedExplosiveDevices(IEDs)weretheleadkiller ThisColdCaseEvaluationModelwasspecificallydesignedtoassist oftroopsinthewarinIraq. TheNationalGroundIntelligenceCenter investigators and others through a regimented step by step process of wastaskedtofightthenetworkofinsurgentsresponsibleforIEDs. As reviewingandanalyzingunresolvedhomicides. Itisalsosuggestedthat a part of that effort, they proposed a 30 day experimental forensic anyone adopting this model should seriously consider the utilization of technicianprogramtodeterminetheusefulnessofobtainingfingerprints members from the private sector such as doctors, professors, nurses, inthistacticalenvironment.Basedonhisbroadexperienceasaformer business people and/or graduate students, etc., to conduct the evaluation Marineanddetective,DaveWikoffwaschosentobethefirstpersoninto underthedirectsupervisionofatleastoneseniorpolicedetective. Thiswill Iraq to recover latent prints from IEDs. But after he arrived, he was bringanotherdimensiontotheprocessastheseevaluatorswillhavefresh initially prohibited from taking fingerprints. So, after reading eyes and perspectives that are not jaded or biased by prior law recommended electronics books, he began producing technical enforcementexperience. intelligence reports that mapped the circuitry of IED devices. This Themodelisbasedonthepremisethateachinvestigationhasthree collectiveeffortledtoanamazingjourneyacrossthecombatzonewhich majoraspectsconsistingofphysicalevidence,informationalevidence(e.g., involvedbeingshotatbysniperfire,rocketattacks,dragginginsurgent’s interviews, canvassing results, records checks, etc.), and the behavioral dead bodies behind points of cover to obtain their postmortem actions of both the victim and suspect(s). It contains numerous team fingerprints,andprocessingbodypartsforforensicvalue. Theseefforts meetingsduringeachofthefourphaseswheretheinformationisfleshed eventuallyledtotherecoveryoflatentfingerprints,toxicologysamples, out and the question? “How Do We Know That?” is answered with explosive residue samples, and DNA samples from of numerous post confidenceandproperdocumentation. blast IED attack sites and deliberate operations. Soon after, he would Therearefourphasestothemodelthatshouldbefollowedwithout meetsoldierswithmaterialtheyhadsavedforhimtofingerprint. exception. Phase I is the process of determining solvability factors and Ononeoccasion,hereceivedrocketlaunchertubesusedinarecent organizationofthecasefileintocategoriesfollowedbyalphabeticaland attack. Inside of the tape used to hold the weapon together, he chronologicallistingofinformationundereachcategory. PhaseIIlistsall discovered latent prints. However, Mr. Wikoff’s original forensic the physical evidence, correlates it to the information in the file, and equipmentdidnotprovidethecapabilitytoobtainprintsfromtheinside suggests further testing. It also contains a comprehensive witness list. oftape. Usinganolddetectivetrick,hemixedfingerprintpowder,hand Furthermore,PhaseII,providesthevictimologyanddesignstimelinesas soapandwater,andappliedthemixturetothetape. Holdingthecamera dictatedbytheinformationinthecasefile. InPhaseIII,relationshipcharts with one hand and an alternate light source with the other, Wikoff are designed, logic trees for evidence and other concerns are developed, crouched under an old tarp to take pictures. Soon Mr. Wikoff was suspectologyforallsuspectsisidentifiedalongwithsuggestedinterview processing rocket launchers and other more relevant material. Mr. strategies for the investigative plan. Finally, in Phase IV the group WikoffwasawardedtheSuperiorCivilianServiceMedalfor“Courage discussesandidentifiespre-,peri-,andpost-offensebehaviorsrelatingto Under Fire, Perseverance, and Persistence.” Despite being recognized allsuspects,listsallprosandconsforeachsuspect,preparesathorough forhissuccess,Mr.Wikoffprivatelyagonizedhehadnottrulymadea investigativeplan,andwritestheevaluationreport. differencetothewarfighter. HeservedasashorttimeasaBiometric Theapplicationofthiscoldcaseevaluationmodelwillreducetime IntelligenceAnalyst. Onedayhereceivedarequesttoresearchalatent and resources in identifying what is solvable and will provide the printmatchandassumedthatitwasanFBIgeneratedmatch,butashe investigators with a detailed plan of how to successfully resolve the dugintothecaseheopenedtheimageofthelatentprintandrecognized investigationwithaviewtowardsprosecution. the fluorescent ridges. It was a match to the rocket launcher tape he ColdCases/Homicides,EvaluationModel,Investigators photographedonhiskneeswiththetarpthrownoverhisback. BattlefieldForensics,LatentFingerPrints,ImprovisedExplosive Devices *PresentingAuthor 7 BS5 ATale of Two Fetishes –ACase of Sexually world’spopulationcontinuestoincreaseanddevelopmentextendsinto previouslyruralareas. Thispresentationwillfocusonthemanagement Motivated Murder ofaviationdisastersutilizingthecrashofNorthwestAirlinesFlight255, NorthwestAirlinesFlight1482,andComAirFlight3272asexamples. RobertJ.Morton,MS*,FederalBureauofInvestigation, Withoutproperplanning,preparation,andpractice,amassdisaster CIRG/NCAVC,FBIAcademy,Quantico,VA22135 can be the “second disaster” for the medical examiner’s office. The initial step in any mass disaster is to enlist local law enforcement to securethescenetoensuresafetyforemployees,limittamperingwiththe Afterattendingthispresentation,attendeeswillbeexposedtothe scene, and prevent theft of personal effects of victims. All scene bizarre nature of fantasy involved in sexually personnel should wear photo identification badges without exception. motivatedmurder. Initialevaluationinvolvesformulatingaplanusingthemagnitudeofthe This presentation will impact the forensic science community by casualties,victimconditions,location,andlikelyidentificationmethod. highlighting different fetishes that are seen in cases of sexually Bodyrecoveryisavitalstepandusuallyoccursafterthescenehas motivatedmurderandpresentingthedepthofthesetypesofproclivities. been secured. The body recovery team includes a medical examiner This presentation is designed to highlight a unique sexually office investigator, law enforcement, photographer, and scribe. Agrid motivated murder and the unusual fetishes displayed by the offender. system should be used to mark the location of bodies discovered. This presentation will impact the forensic community by highlighting Photographicdocumentationofthevictim,personaleffects,andlocation the bizarre behavior that manifests itself in sexually motivated murder shouldoccurpriortobodytransport. Arefrigeratedtruckshouldbeused cases,includingtheinteractionswiththevictimandthescopeoffantasy fortransporttothetemporarymorguetopreventfurtherdecomposition fetishmaterialthatoffendersmaintain. ofbodies. Inanaviationdisaster,ahangerandwarehouseclosetothe The FBI’s National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime crash scene can be used as a temporary morgue facility. A Disaster (NCAVC)isroutinelyconsultedbyfederal,state,andlocalauthoritiesin Portable Morgue Unit is available from the Federal Disaster Mortuary a variety of cases of bizarre and repetitive violent crimes, especially Operational Response Team and contains forensic equipment, homicides. NCAVC assistance was requested by local authorities in computers, scientific supplies, as well as digital, dental, and regardstoacaseinvolvingthemurderofalocalwomanwhowasfound photographicequipmentforatemporarymorgue. Themorguefacility dumpedintheruralareaofthecounty. Thevictimhadbeenstrangled should have multiple areas to be able to accommodate receipt of the andsexuallyassaulted. body, to conduct victim property inventory, body assessment and The victim worked as a waitress and was last seen leaving work autopsy, dental identification, fingerprinting, photographic afterhershift. Theinvestigationquicklyfocusedonapossiblesuspect, documentationofprocess,andbodystorage. Afamilyassistancecenter, a local dentist who frequented the restaurant where the victim worked usuallyfacilitatedbytheairline,shouldobtainantemortemrecordssuch andhadwhatwasdescribedasanunusualinterestinthevictim. After asdental,medical,andx-raysfromfamiliesandprovideroomsfordeath beingquestionedbythepolice,thesuspectattemptedtocommitsuicide. notificationandgriefcounseling. After forensic evidence showed that the victim had been in the To effectively manage a mass disaster, the medical examiner’s suspect’s vehicle, the suspect was arrested. During questioning, the officeshouldhaveawrittenmassdisasterplanandparticipateinregular suspectstatedthatheandthevictimhadengagedinconsensualsex,and mockdrills. the victim “accidently” died. The suspect panicked and removed the MassDisaster,AviationDisaster,Airplane victimfromhisresidenceanddisposedofherbody. The suspect also confessed to have several fetishes including necrophiliaandafootfetish. Heclaimedhehadbegunthisobsession BS7 School Bus Crash and Olga Franco: with feet and dead bodies as a result of his being exposed as a dental studenttothemorgueaftertheOklahomaCityBombingcase. Hestated The Rest of the Story that since that time he was very interested in both areas and collected picturesandvideosthatutilizedthosethemes. Heevenpaidacompany Donn N. Peterson, MSME*, Peterson Engineering, Inc, PO Box 664, tomaketwomoviesinvolvingbothfetishes. Brainerd,MN56401-0664 The suspect was also investigated for several other murders that hadoccurredinOklahoma. Hewasindicted,eventuallypleadedguilty Afterattendingthispresentation,participantswilllearnhowbiases tomurder,andwassentencedtolifeinprison. andprejudicesofmultiplepartiescanadverselyaffecttheoutcomeina This case highlights the need to understand paraphilias and other highprofilehighwayaccidentcase.Exampleswillbegiventoshowbias bizarre sexual practices that manifest at crime scenes of and prejudice on the parts of first responders, investigating officers, sexuallymotivatedmurder. newsmedia,statepoliceaccidentreconstructionist,prosecutor,andjury. ForensicScience,SexuallyMotivatedMurder,Fetish They will also gain affirmation that simplified analyses can lead to significanterrorsinanaccidentreconstruction. This presentation will impact the forensic science community by BS6 Management of a Mass Disaster demonstrating how biased and incomplete analyses can lead to significant errors in an accident reconstruction and to a wrongful convictionofapersonwhoisnotguiltyofthecharges. Preconceived Sawait Kanluen, MD*, Chulalongkorn University, Department of notions of physical phenomena may be wrong and difficult to view ForensicSciences,254PhayathaiRoad,Bangkok,10330,THAILAND objectively. On February 19, 2008, a cold winter afternoon in southwestern After attending this presentation, attendees will learn a systemic Minnesota, an eastbound minivan “blew” through a stop sign and approachtomanagingamassdisasterutilizingmajoraviationdisasters crashedintotherightsideofasouthwestboundschoolbusinanopen asexamples. country intersection. The school bus went out of control, continued This presentation will impact the forensic science community by moving southwest while rotating clockwise such that its rear end allowingattendeestolearnhowtointegratescientific,operational,and occupiedmostoftheoncominglane. Anortheastboundpickupcrashed scenemanagementatamassdisastersite. intotherearleftsideoftheschoolbus. Theschoolbuscametoreston Casualties from mass disasters such as earthquakes, fires, itsleftsideinthenortheastboundlanesouthwestfromtheintersection hurricanes, and aviation disasters are becoming more frequent as the 8 *PresentingAuthor facingsouthwest. Itsrearaxlewasseparated,anditcametorestnear function of the office and her abilities as a medical examiner. Perhaps therearendoftheschoolbus. Thepickupcametorestuprightonthe surprisingly, the presenter has found that these forays into the world of northeastboundshoulderfacingnorthwestwithitsfrontendbeneaththe "educationalentertainment"haveactuallyenhancedheroffice'sreputation schoolbusleftside. Theminivancametorestuprightinthesouthwest andhelpedherbecomeabetterandmorecompassionatemedicalexaminer. bound lane facing northeast about 1½ car lengths southwest from the Thepresentationwillalsocoverthegrowingseparationbetweenthe intersection. Four student passengers in the school bus were fatally media'sexpectationsandtherealityofthejobofmedicalexaminerandwill injured and eleven others suffered personal injuries. Olga Franco, an reviewtheconflictswhichinevitablyarisefromthisdichotomy. Avariety illegalimmigrantfromGuatemala,wasfoundonthedriver’sseatofthe of suggested do's and don'ts for media interactions will be offered, minivanownedbyherboyfriendwithherrightfoottrappednearthefoot includinghardlearnedadviceonpitfallstoavoid. pedals,andnooneelsewasfoundintheminivan. MediaRelations,MedicalExaminerandthePress,PopularCulture Olga Franco, who speaks little or no English, consistently states andPathology throughinterpretersthatherboyfriendwasthedriverandthatshewas the front seat passenger. They were on their way to work and would havemadea580leftturnattheintersection. Herboyfriendwasnever found. Shewastreatedinahospital,incarcerated,chargedwithgross negligenceinbeingthedrivercausingthefatalcrash,tried,convicted, andsentenced. Many persons bought into the preconceived notion of physical phenomenathatitwouldbeimpossibleforOlgaFrancotobefoundon thedriver’sseatwithherrightfoottrappednearthefootpedalsunless she had been the driver. They went on to conclude simply that Olga Francomustbelyingwhenshesaysherboyfriendwasthedriver. Thefrequentnewsmediareportscontainedonlyselectedelements from the events for their story. Most of the public following these reportswerenotevenawarethatthepickuphadbeeninvolved. They also were not aware that tests of blood on the minivan’s deployed airbagsshowedtheDNAdidnotmatchOlgaFrancobutwerefroman unidentified male. Very few news media sources reported that Olga Francohadsaidherboyfriendwasthedriverwithlittleornofollowup. Engineeringanalysesshowhow,inacrashlikethis,aminivanfront seat passenger would be moved toward the driver’s seat and a driver would,inacrashlikethis,bemovedtowardtheopeneddriver’sdoor. This concept is contrary to the previously referenced preconceived notion of physical phenomena and was totally disregarded by the prosecutionandthejury. Engineering analyses also showed that the second crash with the pickup was several times more severe than the first crash with the minivan. Thus,thesecondcrashwiththepickupmostprobablycaused thesevereinjuriesandfatalitiestothestudentsontheschoolbus. Post collisionspinninginyawbytheminivanaccountedforabout2.5times as much kinetic energy as that due to linear translation. Thus, any analyses that do not account for the spinning effects are subject to significanterrorsinthepostcollisiondynamics. AccidentReconstruction,Bias,Prejudice BS8 Thomas Krauss Memorial Bite Mark Breakfast: Forensic Pathology and the Media Jan C. Garavaglia, MD*, District 9 Medical Examiner, 1401 Lucerne Terrace,Orlando,FL32806 Afterattendingthepresentation,theattendeeswill: (1)appreciatethe complexinteractionsbetweenthemediaandtheforensicpathologist;and, (2)bebetterpreparedtodealwithmediarequestsandpressures. Thispresentationwillimpacttheforensiccommunitybyprovidinga uniqueperspectiveonmediarelations. Theforensicpathologisthaslongbeentaughttokeepalowprofile and to speak to the media as little as possible, and then only when the investigation is complete. This presentation will offer the personal experiencesoftheauthorwhohasfollowedasomewhatdifferentmodel– onethathasincludedalongrunningsyndicatedTVshowaboutforensic pathology as well as a book, and how these efforts have affected the *PresentingAuthor 9