VOLCANO_PPC_AW.qxd 8/4/10 13:22 Page 1 V o ‘Volcanoes attract tourists because of their beauty,excitement and cultural aspects.This excellent l book is an invaluable reference for volcano tourism and its management, bringing together c contributions from experts in a variety of fields and geographic locations. Easy to read, full of a practical advice and very enjoyable.’ n Dr Rosaly Lopes,Jet Propulsion Laboratory; author,The Volcano Adventure Guide o ‘This book is the first to assess volcano tourism as an individual sector with a commendable focus & on risk management and sustainability. Covering a wide range of volcanic and geothermal G destinations it is a comprehensive reference for students,scientists and tourism professionals.’ e Professor Dimitrios Buhalis,Bournemouth University,UK o t There are over 1300 active volcanoes worldwide and many more dormant or extinct. Some are h developed as tourist destinations; others are not, but have great potential. Mount Fuji in Japan attracts over 100 million visitors per year and has immense cultural and spiritual significance,while e r a number of volcanic areas in national parks, for example Teide in Spain,Yellowstone in the US, m Vesuvius in Italy and Tongariro in New Zealand,attract between one and four million tourists each year. In the last decade the designation of nearly 50 volcanic geoparks around the world has a highlighted their potential for tourism development. l T This book provides the first global review and assessment of the sustainable use of active and o dormant volcanic and geothermal environments for geotourism.The volcano-based tourism sector u is further augmented through a closely linked range of geothermal resources and attractions,such r as geysers and hot springs,which are discussed in detail throughout individual chapters covering Volcano i all key volcanic and geothermal regions around the world.It is shown that volcano and geothermal s m tourism is a subsection of nature-based geotourism and incorporates a variety of other tourism categories such as adventure tourism, extreme tourism, ecotourism, green tourism, educational tourism and hot spring tourism.This comprehensive book covers the most important issues of this & Geothermal growing tourism sector whilst incorporating relevant global research, making it an essential a P resource for all in the field. n a d M tric PUantivreicrisait yE arfnudr th-aCso aouptehro rleedc tourr ecso -ianu tthoourreisdm a rneusmoubrecre o fm baonoakgse amnedn at ratitc leRsit sinu mtheei kfiaenld sA soifa toPuarcisifmic alco ia Erf Edite Tourism and environmental planning. Dr Malcolm Cooper is Vice President (Research) and holds the lm C urt-C d by position of Professor of Tourism Management in the Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies at o o Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Japan.He has published over 80 books,refereed articles and op op SUSTAINABLE GEO-RESOURCES FOR book chapters. er er LEISURE AND RECREATION Cover images © Jens Edelmann Tourism / Natural Resource Management/ Geography Edited by Earthscan strives to minimize its impact on the environment Patricia Erfurt-Cooper and Malcolm Cooper www.earthscan.co.uk Volcano and Geothermal Tourism Prelims.indd 1 4/7/2010 12:22:45 PM Prelims.indd 2 4/7/2010 12:22:45 PM Volcano and Geothermal Tourism Sustainable Geo-Resources for Leisure and Recreation Edited by Patricia Erfurt-Cooper and Malcolm Cooper publishing for a sustainable future London • Washington, DC Prelims.indd 3 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM First published in 2010 by Earthscan Copyright © Patricia Erfurt-Cooper and Malcolm Cooper 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as expressly permitted by law, without the prior, written permission of the publisher. Earthscan Ltd, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street, London EC1N 8XA, UK Earthscan LLC, 1616 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA Earthscan publishes in association with the International Institute for Environment and Development For more information on Earthscan publications, see www.earthscan.co.uk or write to [email protected] ISBN: 978-1-84407-870-7 hardback Typeset by Domex e-Data, India Cover design by Clifford Hayes A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Volcano and geothermal tourism : sustainable geo-resources for leisure and recreation / edited by Patricia Erfurt-Coo- per and Malcolm Cooper. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84407-870-7 (hardback) 1. Ecotourism. 2. Geotourism. 3. Volcanoes. 4. Geothermal resources. I. Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia II. Cooper, Malcolm. G156.5.E26V65 2010 338.4'75521–dc22 2010000820 At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO emissions, including those created through publication of this book. For more details of our envi- 2 ronmental policy, see www.earthscan.co.uk. Printed and bound in the UK by The Cromwell Press Group. The paper used is FSC certified. Prelims.indd 4 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM CONTENTS List of Figures, Tables and Boxes ix PART III The Americas 65 List of Contributors xv Preface xix Chapter 4 The Lure of Lava Tubes: Exploring List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi Lava Tube Tourism on the Big Island of Hawai‘i 67 PART I L. M. King Introduction 1 Chapter 5 Chapter 1 Geotourism and Public Safety Introduction 3 in Volcanic Environments 77 P. Erfurt-Cooper T. W. Heggie PART II Chapter 6 Africa On the Economics and Social Chapter 2 Typology of Volcano Tourism Africa’s Great Volcanoes of the with Special Reference to Albertine Rift Valley 35 Montserrat, West Indies 85 A. K. Sanga-Ngoie N. Petford, J. Fletcher and Y. Morakabati Chapter 3 Chapter 7 Volcano Tourism in Ethiopia and Volcano Tourism – Central and the Danakil Rift Zone 45 South American Examples 94 J. Edelmann and R. Roscoe H. Gaudru Case Study 1 Case Study 4 Reunion Island, France – Piton de la The Cascades – Connecting Fournaise Volcano 54 Canada and the United States 107 H. Gaudru M. Cooper Case Study 2 Case Study 5 Cape Verde Islands 57 Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming 111 H. Gaudru M. Cooper Case Study 3 Case Study 6 East Africa – Volcanoes, Glaciers The Galapagos Islands – Volcanoes and Safari Parks 59 and Wildlife 115 M. Cooper M. Cooper Prelims.indd 5 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM vi Volcano and Geothermal Tourism Case Study 7 Case Study 10 Death by Volcanic Laze 118 Challenging Destinations – The World T. W. Heggie, T. M. Heggie and Heritage Listed Volcanoes of T. J. Heggie Kamchatka 196 H. Gaudru Case Study 8 Alaska’s Volcanoes – The Aleutian Case Study 11 Arc and Wilderness 120 Krakatau, Indonesia, a Volcano M. Cooper with a History 200 M. Cooper Case Study 9 Active Volcanoes in Mexico as Case Study 12 Tourist Destinations 124 Geothermal Attractions and Active M. Cooper Volcanoes in China 202 M. Cooper PART IV Asia 129 PART V Europe 207 Chapter 8 The Need for a Planning Framework Chapter 14 to Preserve the Wilderness Values of Emerging Volcano and Geothermal Sibayak Volcano, North Sumatra, Related Tourism in Iceland 209 Indonesia 131 R. Dowling D. Newsome Chapter 15 Chapter 9 Volcano Tourism and its Influence on Volcano and Geothermal Tourism the Territory of Mt Etna (Italy) – Explored in Kyushu, Japan 142 with Digressions to Stromboli (Italy) 221 P. Erfurt-Cooper A. Struck Chapter 10 Chapter 16 Volcano and Geothermal Tourism in Under the Volcano – Can Sustainable Japan – Examples from Honshu and Tourism Development be Balanced Hokkaido 155 with Risk Management? 233 M. Cooper J. Karkut Chapter 11 Chapter 17 Jeju: South Korea’s Premier Island The Auvergne – Centre of Volcanic Geotourism Destination 170 Tourism in France 247 K. S. Woo, Y. K. Sohn and M. Cooper and J. Eades L. M. King Chapter 18 Chapter 12 Volcanic Geotourism in West Coast Volcano Tourism in Iran: Mt Damavand, Scotland 259 the Highest Peak in the Middle East 180 T. A. Hose K. Vafadari Case Study 13 Chapter 13 The Azores – Volcanic Islands in Volcano Tourism in the Philippines 187 the Atlantic 272 J. Edelmann H. Gaudru Prelims.indd 6 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM CONTENTS vii Case Study 14 The Canary Islands – Case Study 17 Vanuatu – Active Volcanic World Heritage of Spain 275 Volcanism in the Pacific 322 M. Cooper H. Gaudru Case Study 15 Greece – How Case Study 18 Geothermal Parks Dormant are the Islands? 277 in New Zealand 324 M. Cooper R. Roscoe Case Study 16 The Vulkaneifel in Case Study 19 Germany – A Destination for Deception Island – Hot Times on Geotourism 281 a Chilly Continent 329 P. Erfurt-Cooper T. Brattstrom PART VI Oceania 287 PART VII 331 Chapter 19 Volcanic Landscapes of Chapter 22 New Zealand 289 Conclusions and Recommendations 333 M. Cooper P. Erfurt-Cooper and M. Cooper Chapter 20 Appendices: Volcano Tourism in the New 1 An Overview of Recent Volcanic Kanawinka Global Geopark of Activity Worldwide 341 Victoria and SE South Australia 302 B. Joyce 2 Major Volcanoes Worldwide 345 Chapter 21 3 Hazard Map and Fact Sheet Volcanic Landforms as Tourist Template 355 Attractions in Australian National Parks and Other Protected Areas 312 4 Useful Websites 356 P. Erfurt-Cooper Index 359 Prelims.indd 7 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM Prelims.indd 8 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 2.3 The volcanoes of the Central Virunga: Mikeno (3470m), Karisimbi 1.1 The main volcanic regions of the (4507m) and Visoke (3711m) The world, generally following the plate snow-cap covered summit of boundaries 4 Karisimbi can be seen in the 1.2 Examples of informative guides to lower centre 38 volcanic regions worldwide, although 2.4 The snow-covered peaks of many focus on individual countries or Mt Stanley, Ruwenzori mountain areas 11 range 39 1.3 One of the ten Jigoku in Beppu on the 2.5 The stratovolcano Nyiragongo southern island of Kyushu has a clear in the DRC 40 warning sign in Japanese and English, 3.1 Part of the crater wall is collapsing predicting the outcome of getting into Erta Ale’s active lava pit 47 too close to one of the boiling ponds. 3.2 The craters of Erta Ale in November, Many signs are also in Chinese and 2002, viewed from the south-east Korean languages 18 from the helicopter that transported 1.4 Interpretive signage and signs that the expedition members 48 contain warnings should be in more 3.3 The raised level of the lava lake of than one language 19 Erta Ale in February 2009 49 1.5 Japanese risk maps are for everybody, 3.4 Rectangular slabs of salt crust are although only a small number of maps loaded onto camels and donkeys for have been translated into other transport into the highlands after languages to date 21 workers manually cut the crust into 1.6 Individual risk evaluation resulting rectangular slabs 50 in either acceptance of the risk or 3.5 Arrival on Erta Ale: The expedition in avoidance 22 2002 used an MI-8 military helicopter 1.7 Hot air balloons travel over the for transport to the crater 51 volcanic landscape in Cappadocia, 3.6 A group of tourists visiting Dallol in Turkey 24 February, 2009. Note the armed 2.1 Africa’s main volcanoes: most of the guards in the background 52 volcanoes are found along the Great 4.1 Scientists collecting biological Rift Valley, of which the western samples in Kazumura lava tube 69 branch is known as the Albertine 4.2 A bulldozer unknowingly clearing Rift Valley 36 land above a lava tube on the Big 2.2 The major volcanoes of the Island breaks through the roof and Democratic Republic of the Congo: falls into the lava tube 70 Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira, 4.3 Pua Po‘o tour participants going located to the north and north- down the ladder to the entrance north-east of Goma 37 of the lava tube 74 Prelims.indd 9 4/7/2010 12:22:46 PM