Voice Disorders Scope of Theory and Practice Second Edition Carole T. Ferrand Hofstra University 330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013 A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 1 2/9/18 6:42 PM Director and Publisher: Kevin Davis Executive Product Marketing Manager: Executive Portfolio Manager: Julie Krista Clark Peters Manufacturing Buyer: Deidra Smith Managing Content Producer: Megan Cover Design: Carie Keller, Cenveo Moffo Cover Art: Malecula/Shutterstock Content Producer: Faraz Sharique Ali Editorial Production and Composition Portfolio Management Assistant: Maria Services: SPi Global, Inc. Feliberty and Casey Coriell Full-Service Project Manager: Subash Executive Product Marketing Manager: Raju Christopher Barry Text Font: Sabon LT Pro Credits and acknowledgments for materials borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Every effort has been made to provide accurate and current Internet information in this book. However, the Internet and information posted on it are constantly changing, so it is inevitable that some of the Internet addresses listed in this textbook will change. Photo Credits: All color insert photos courtesy of Lucian Sulica, MD—www .voicemedicine.com. Copyright © 2019, 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please visit http://www.pearsoned.com/permissions/ Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ferrand, Carole T., author. Title: Voice disorders : scope of theory and practice / Carole T. Ferrand. Other titles: Voice disorders (Pearson Education, Inc.) Description: 2nd ed. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Identifiers: LCCN 2017055103| ISBN 9780134802558 (casebound) | ISBN 0134802551 (casebound) Subjects: | MESH: Voice Disorders | Respiratory Tract Diseases | Respiration | Respiratory System Classification: LCC RF510 | NLM WV 500 | DDC 616.85/56--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055103 1 18 ISBN-13: 978-0-134-80255-8 ISBN-10: 0-134-80255-1 A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 2 2/15/18 5:25 PM In loving memory of my father-in-law, Edward F. Ferrand, PhD A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 3 2/9/18 6:42 PM This page intentionally left blank A01_GIPE3898_09_SE_FM.indd 3 12/20/17 5:56 PM Brief Contents List of Illustrations xv Chapter 6 Preface xix Inflammatory Conditions of the Larynx 267 Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 7 of the Respiratory and Laryngeal Neurologic Disorders Affecting Systems 1 Voice 285 Chapter 2 Chapter 8 Lifespan Changes in the Voice Disorders Related to Self, Respiratory and Phonatory Identity, and Lifestyle 321 Systems 71 Chapter9 Chapter 3 Disorders Related to Airway Diagnosis and Evaluation Problems and Respiration 347 of Voice Disorders 99 Chapter 10 Chapter 4 Laryngeal Cancer 379 Clinical Management and Clinical Glossary 419 Considerations 161 References 431 Chapter 5 Name Index 497 Structural Pathologies of the Larynx 219 Subject Index 515 v A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 5 2/9/18 6:42 PM This page intentionally left blank A01_GIPE3898_09_SE_FM.indd 3 12/20/17 5:56 PM Contents List of Illustrations xv Preface xix 1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory and Laryngeal Systems 1 Structures of the Lower Respiratory System and Mechanics of Respiration 2 Structures of the Respiratory System 3 Pleural Linkage 6 Muscles of Respiration 6 Respiratory Cycle 8 Lung Volumes and Capacities 10 Resting Expiratory Level 11 Percentage of Vital Capacity 11 Respiratory Patterning for Speech 12 Location of Air Intake 13 Ratio of Time for Inhalation Versus Exhalation 13 Volume of Air Inhaled and Exhaled 13 Muscle Activity for Exhalation 14 Chest-Wall Shape 14 Nervous System Control of Respiration 15 Laryngeal Functions and Structures 16 Functions of the Larynx 16 Anatomy and Physiology of the Laryngeal System 17 True Vocal Folds 29 Muscles of the Larynx and Myoelastic Aerodynamic Theory of Vocal Fold Vibration 37 Extrinsic Muscles 38 Intrinsic Muscles 42 Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory 47 Nervous System Control of the Larynx 55 Cortical Areas Involved in Phonation 56 vii A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 7 2/9/18 6:42 PM viii Contents Laryngeal Reflexes 62 Blood Supply to the Larynx 63 Inflammation and Wound Healing in the Larynx and Vocal Folds 63 Inflammation 63 Extracellular Matrix Proliferation 65 Scar Remodeling 65 Vocal Registers 66 Modal Register 67 Pulse Register 67 Loft Register 68 Chapter Summary 68 Review Questions 69 2 Lifespan Changes in the Respiratory and Phonatory Systems 71 Fetal Development of the Respiratory and Laryngeal Systems 71 Respiratory Development 72 Laryngeal Development 73 Respiratory Function in Infants, Children, and Adults 73 Laryngeal Changes over the Lifespan 76 Structure and Function of the Larynx in Infancy and Childhood 76 Childhood 81 Puberty 81 The Adult Voice 83 The Aging Voice 84 Effects of Menopause on Voice 85 Structural Changes of the Larynx Due to Aging 86 Acoustic Effects 87 Perceptual Findings 90 Health Status and Age-Related Vocal Diseases 90 Chapter Summary 92 Review Questions 92 Appendix 2A 94 Appendix 2B 95 Appendix 2C 97 A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 8 2/9/18 6:42 PM Contents ix 3 Diagnosis and Evaluation of Voice Disorders 99 Causes of Voice Disorders 100 Team Approach to Diagnosis and Evaluation of Voice Disorders 100 Core and Collateral Members of a Multidisciplinary Team 100 Normal Voice and Perceptual and Acoustic Terminology Used to Describe Dysphonic Vocal Qualities 104 Normal Voice 104 Dysphonia 105 Components of the Evaluation Process 106 Case History Interview 106 Patient-Reported Outcomes Measures 112 Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation 118 Instrumental Measures of Vocal Function 124 Indirect Laryngoscopy 124 Direct Laryngoscopy 132 High-Speed Digital Imaging 132 Acoustic Analysis 132 Electroglottography 139 Aerodynamic Measures 143 Laryngeal Electromyography 144 The Diagnostic Report 145 Portion of a Diagnostic Report and Related Questions 146 Chapter Summary 149 Review Questions 150 Appendix 3A 151 Appendix 3B 154 Appendix 3C 156 Appendix 3D 159 4 Clinical Management and Clinical Considerations 161 Prevention of Voice Disorders 162 Primary Prevention 162 Secondary Prevention 165 Tertiary Prevention 165 A01_FERR2558_06_SE_FM.indd 9 2/9/18 6:42 PM