Shouting at the Angels: Visual Experience in Angela of Foligno’s Memoriale1 Gritar a los ángeles: Experiencia visual en el Memoriale de Ángela de Foligno Pablo GARCÍA-ACOSTA2 Abstract: This article is part of the scholarly revival in Angela of Foligno (c. 1248-c. 1308) studies in relation to images. With the exhibition entitled Dal visibile all’indicibile. Crocifissi ed esperienza mistica in Angela da Foligno (Foligno, October 6th, 2012 – January 6th, 2013) and the publication of the catalogue, relations between Angela’s visions and her artistic context have been examined in greater depth. However, despite the excellent essays included in the book, there is still lacking a theoretical basis to explain Angela's devotional relationship with some images and, in particular, her reception of them. The main aim of these pages is therefore to develop that theoretical background and to interpret from such a basis the events that occurred in Assisi in front of the so-called “vetrata degli angeli” (the stained glass window of the angels). 1 This article forms part of a larger research project partly funded by the Bibliotheca Mystica et Philosophica Alois M. Haas Research Group (2009SGR1551, granted by the “Departament d’Economía i Conexeiment de la Generalitat de Cataluya”), which allowed me to undertake a research trip to Assisi to work with the manuscript traditionally known as A (Assisi Codex, Biblioteca Comunale 342), which contains the most reliable version of Angela’s writings. I want to thank all the members of the group for their personal support, particularly Dr. Victoria Cirlot, who introduced me to Angela so many years ago, and Dr. Blanca Garí (Universitat de Barcelona), who helped me with Angela’s manuscripts in the Catalan tradition. I also want to express my gratitude to all WIFIT (Women in the Franciscan Intellectual Tradition) members, particularly Pacelli Millane and Linda Burke for their support in my search for the English version of the Latin Memoriale text. 2 [email protected]. Researcher in Bibliotheca Mysthica et Philosophica Alois M. Haas Research Group (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) and Professor of Literature at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. His main research interests are the links between word and image, Late Medieval mysticism and medieval reading practices and manuscript culture. He is the editor and translator of Angela of Foligno’s Memoriale in Spanish (Madrid: Siruela, 2014, in press) and author of Poética de la visibilidad en el Mirouer des simples ames de Marguerite Porete (Barcelona, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009). SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 Resumen: Este artículo se encuadra en la actual ola de estudios sobre Ángela de Foligno (c. 1248-c. 1308) y las imágenes. Después de la exposición titulada Dal visibile all’indicibile. Crocefissi ed esperienza mistica in Angela da Foligno (Foligno, 6 de octubre de 2012 – 6 de enero de 2013) y de la publicación de su catálogo, se han ampliado los vínculos trazados entre sus visiones y su contexto artístico. Sin embargo, a pesar de los excelentes ensayos incluidos en el volumen, aún se echa en falta una base teórica que explique la relación devocional de Ángela con algunas imágenes y, en particular, su recepción de las mismas. Aportar tal trasfondo teórico será uno de los objetivos de estas páginas. El segundo, será interpretar desde la perspectiva desarrollada el suceso ante la “vetrata degli angeli”, central en el Memoriale y en la vivencia angelana. Keywords: Angela of Foligno − Memoriale − Franciscan Art − Devotion − Vision. Palabras clave: Ángela de Foligno − Memoriale − Arte franciscano − Devoción − Visión. RECEBIDO: 03.10.2013 ACEITO: 14.10.2013 *** I. Angela and the imago in a devotional context Et tunc in praedicta secunda vice, statim quando genuflexi in introitu ecclesie et vidi sanctum Franciscum depictum in sinu Christi, dixit mihi: “Ita te astrictam tenebo et multo quam possit considerari oculis corporis. Et modo est hora quod, filia dulcis, templum meum, adimpleo quod dixi tibi quia pro ista consolatione dimitto te, sed te non dimittam unquam se me diliges”.3 Then, in this second time, as soon as I had genuflected at the entrance of the church and when I saw a stained-glass window depicting St. Francis being closely held by Christ, I heard him telling me: “Thus I will hold you closely to me and much more closely than can be observed with the eyes of the body. And now the time has come, sweet daughter, my temple, my delight, to fulfill my promise to you. I am about to leave you in the form of this consolation, but I will never leave you if you love me”.4 3 We wil quote the Latin Memoriale text from the new E. Menestò edition: MENESTÒ, Enrico. Angela da Foligno. Memoriale, Florence: Edizioni del Galluzzo - SISMEL, 2013, which we will abbreviate as Menestò. In this case we can find the quote in Menestò, p. 25. 4 We will use Paul Lachance’s version for the English translation (LACHANCE, Paul. Angela of Foligno. Complete Works. New York: Paulist Press, 1993), which we will abreviate as Lachance: in this case, Lachance, p. 141. Since he uses Thier-Calufetti’s edition (THIER, 116 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 The quoted text is one of the highlights of the Memoriale, the first “auto hagiography” in Europe5, which was dictated in the vernacular by Angela of Foligno, a Franciscan tertiary in 13th century Umbria6. Here she is explaining to Brother A., transcriber and translator of her words, the cause of a public scandal that occurred when she arrived in Assisi (c. 1291) and began to shout at the entrance of the Basilica Maiore, immediately in front of the so-called “vetrata degli angeli” (“the stained glass window of the angels”).7 There, at the very end of a pilgrimage and looking at the figure of Saint Francis in sinu Christi, she felt abandoned by a presence which had been invading her throughout her journey. The narration goes on to describe the effects of this departure, coupled with a vision and an anxious question from Brother A.: “Et tunc quatumcumque esset vebum amarum, tamen tunc in ipso verbo tantam dulcedinem sensi quod fuit valde dulcissimum. Et tunc respexi ut viderem etiam oculis corporis et mentis”. Et cum ego frater hic quererem ab ea et dicerem “quid vidisti?”, ipsa respondit dicens: “Vidi rem plenam, maiestatem immensam quam nescio dicere, sed videbatur michi quod erat omne bonum”8. “Bitter in some ways as these words were for me to hear, I nonetheless experienced them above all as sweet, the sweetest I have ever heard. Then I turned my gaze on the one speaking to me so that I might also see him not only with the eyes of the body but also with those of the spirit”. I, brother scribe, interrupted at this point to ask her: “What did you see?” She replied: “I Ludger and CALUFETTI, Abele. Il libro della beata Angela da Foligno. Edizione critica. Grottaferrata: Editiones Collegii S. Bonaventurae ad Claras Aquas, 1985), as the basis for his translation this presents minimal variations between Latin and English texts. 5 The expression «autohagiografía» comes from LEONARDI, Claudio. “Agiografia”, in La produzione del testo [vol. 1,2 of Lo spazio letterario del Medievo 1. Il medievo latino, G. Cavallo et al (eds.), Roma: Salerno Editrice, 1993], p. 421-462. 6 For an introduction to Angela’s historical figure and works: CIRLOT, Victoria and GARÍ, Blanca. La mirada interior. Escritoras místicas y visionarias en la Edad Media, Madrid: Siruela, 2008 [1ª ed. 1999], p. 177-205 and GUARNIERI, Romana. “Angela, mistica europea”, in MENESTÒ, Enrico (ed.). Angela da Foligno, Terziaria Francescana, Centro Italiano di Studi sull’Alto Medioevo: Spoleto 1992, p. 39-82. 7 GIUSTO, Egidio M. Le vetrate di San Francisco in Assisi. Studio iconografico, Milano: Alfieri e Lacroix, 1911, p. 234-235, where he talks about this particular stained glass window. POULENC, Jerome. “Saint Françios dans le ‘vitrail des anges’ de l’église supérieure de la basilique d’Assise”, in Archivium Franciscanum Historicum 76 (1983), p. 701-713. See too the historical references included at the following site by the Italian “Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerce”(CNR): http://www.icvbc.cnr.it/bivi/schede/Umbria/Assisi/13sanfrancesco_sup.htm. 8 Menestò, p. 26. 117 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 saw something full of such immense majesty that I do not know how to describe it, but it seemed to me that it was the All Good”.9 Imagem 1 Christ holding Francis and Mary holding Christ (Basilica Superiore, Assisi, c.1275). Foto Gerhard Ruf, Archivio Sacro Convento, Assisi. 9 Lachance, p. 142. 118 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 As we know, during this period Omne Bonum was one of the names given to God, in particular to the divinity as perceived after death or during a revelation.10 The relationship between a well-known stained glass window and the visionary status of Angela has been essencial to the prominence that scholars have given to inquiries into her relationship with “art”.11 In this sense, studies devoted to the visuality of the Memoriale arrived at a very important point with the exhibition commissioned at Palazzo Trinci in Foligno entitled Dal visibile all’indicibile. Crocifissi ed esperienza mistica in Angela da Foligno (October 6th, 2012 – January 6th, 2013) and with the publication of its catalogue under the same name.12 In both the exhibition and the book we observe a real search for connections between what Angela “historically saw” and different works of art with Italian origins. Strangely, however, there is little material in this book that offers a theoretical basis for Angela’s relationship with the images of the period.13 Some authors manage a vague idea of “iconography” which they draw on in relation to Angela’s experiences in a variety of ways: for instance, they relate some Umbrian representations to her visions, asserting that what she describes was influenced by historical religious artifacts.14 We will not deny that such a link exists, but we will provide a historical basis for it, trying to understand how such images might have been perceived by a penitent of the late 13th century. In so doing, we will interpret why Angela shouted in front of Assisi’s angels. What was the importance of this particular image at that critical moment on her via? The main aim of this article is to answer this question, interpreting 10 See TROTTMANN, Christian. La vision béatifique. Des disputes scholastiques á sa définition par Benoît XII. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1995. 11 See, for example, NARI, Monica Chiellini, “La contemplazione e le immagini: il ruolo dell’iconografia nel pensiero della beata Angela da Foligno”, in E. Menestò (ed.), Angela da Foligno. Terziaria Francescana, Centro italiano di studi sull’Alto Medioevo, Espoleto 1992, p. 227-250 or the reflections and quoted bibliography in SENSI, Mario. “Foligno all’incrocio delle strade”, in BARONE, Giulia and DALARUN, Jacques (eds.). Angèle de Foligno. Le dossier, Rome: École française de Rome, 1999, p. 286-292. 12 BASSETTI, Massimiliano and TOSCANO, Bruno. Dal visibile all'indicibile: crocifissi ed esperienza mistica in Angela da Foligno, Spoleto: Fondazione Centro italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 2012. 13 Perhaps with the only exception of the discussion that we find in TOSCANO, Bruno. “Dieci immagini al tempo di Angela”, en Dal visibile all’indicibile cit., p. 97-116. 14 SENSI, Mario. “Gli spazi del Liber: Sette luoghi angelani”, in idem, p. 45-82. 119 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 this window from Angela’s point of view and providing, at the same time, a historical context on the visuality of the Later Middle Ages.15 A first step in understanding Angela’s perceptive experience would be to broaden in Memoriale studies the notion of “iconography” (which isolates single objets) to “visual culture” (which talks about a complex interrelated system of phenomena). For instance, as J. F. Hamburger says in relation to late medieval devotional contexts16: To stress the importance of “visual culture” is not to champion that the notion could exist. Quite the opposite: as I understand the term, it is to insist on the historicity of visual experience −what has since come to be called “visuality”− and the degree to which what and how we see depends on the complex, deeply ingrained protocols, some unconscious, some carefully controlled, still others self-consciously cultivated. The “protocols” to which Hamburger refers are implied in how images were conceived of during Angela’s lifetime: far from being passive objects for looking at, they were handled by the devotees as devices or tools with different functions, and located in a wider system of perception, in which the five external senses had to be complemented with the five internal ones.17 Thus, as we read in the first quotation above, Angela sees the Omne Bomun in a sort of interregnum between the interior and the exterior worlds: “Et tunc 15 Much of the theoretical perspetives which we adopt in this article in relation to medieval images are developed in our Ph.D. thesis Poética de la visibilidad en el Mirouer des simples ames de Marguerite Porete. Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009, which is avaiable online via the following link: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7448. For a summary of our points of view on medieval imagination, see our “Images for Deification: Visual Literacy in Marguerite Porete’s Mirror of Simple Souls”, in Conner Farris, Aundreta and Pattenden, Frida (eds.). Exploring Visual Literacies Inside, Outside and Through the Frame. Oxford: Interdisciplinary Press, 2012, p. 123-132. 16 HAMBURGER, Jeffrey H. The Visual and the Visionary, Nueva York: Zone Books, 1998, p. 28. In general, our points of view about medieval images and devotion are indebted to the works of this art historian, in particular to The Rothschild Canticles: Art and Mysticism in Flanders and the Rhineland circa 1300, Yale University Press, New Haven 1990 and Nuns as Artists: The Visual Culture of a Medieval Convent, University of California Press, Berkeley 1997. 17 For this “protocols” applied to medieval images in devotional contexts, see RINGBOM, Sixten. Les images de dévotion. XIIe-XVe siècle, Paris: Gérard Monfort Éditeur, 1995, p. 18-23. For the medieval Christian tradition on the inner perception, see CIRLOT, Victoria. Hildelgard von Bingen y la tradición visionaria de Occidente, Barcelona: Herder, 2005. 120 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 respexi ut viderem etiam oculis corporis et mentis” [“I might also see him not only with the eyes of the body but also with those of the spirit”].18 On the other hand and at the same time, this focus on the image as a mediation (as a medium) between the Soul and the Divinity presents another dimension which we have to take into account in our analysis: in explicit religious contexts such as that of the Memoriale, images always involve a theological aspect. They relate to the construction of a discourse about God: they represent him in a visual manner, helping souls on their journey towards him. As a consequence of all of this, devotional images from the Low Middle Ages are sometimes presented to us in the texts as unclear objects involving mental, verbal, theological and artistic facets, all of which were previously integrated in the how the term “image” was understood. Again, as J. F. Hamburger has stated19: The ambiguous character of the term imago can be a source of consternation for modern readers in search of documentation on medieval art. The word’s range of reference encompasses the material, the immaterial, and almost everything between. What the modern reader seeks to distinguish, however, medieval authors often sought to elide. The equivocal character of the imago was ideally suited to the protocols of medieval meditational practice, which were founded on the possibility of a deliberate, if disciplined, transition from the material to the immaterial. This situation compels us to analyse Angela’s images from a cross-sectional point of view which recognises the diverse planes of meaning that the term implies and which respects its historically determinate use and, above all, its historical responses.20 In addition, we should give a conceptual turn upon Late Medieval devotional contexts, exchanging the notion of “religious art” for “religious image”.21 18 Menestò, p. 26 and Lachance, p. 142, respectively. 19 St. John the Divine. The Deified Evangelist in Medieval Art and Theology, Berkeley-Los Angeles- London: University of California Press, 2002, p. 186. 20 We can infer this necessity from the points of view expressed in MITCHELL, William J. Thomas. “What Is an Image?”, in Iconology. Image, Text, Ideology, London: Chicago University Press, 1986, p. 7-46. 21 Likeness and Presence. A History of the Image before the Era of Art, Chicago University Press, Londres 1994 [1ª ed. 1990] 121 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 In particular, in comprehending certain responses to devotional objects we have to understand that the principal aim of these objects was to affect the viewer through identification. As H. Belting has asserted22: La devozione è un modulo collettivo di religiosità che di fronte alle immagini iniziò un modulo analogo di contemplazione. Dalle immagini ci si attendeva che respondessero allo stato d’animo del fedele, o meglio, che lo suscitassero. La persona dell’immagine e quella che la guarda erano in relazione mimetica, la seconda cercava di assimilarsi alla prima, volendo ricevere, di ritorno, la vitalità che egli stesso posedeva... Contrariamente alla progressiva perdita dell’imagine materiale e sensoriale proclamata dalla mistica, l’immagine dipinta diventa sempre piú corporea, sempre piú loquace, permettendo all’individuo di ricercare nel dialogo una conferma di sé. It seems clear that this affective response is what we find in Angela’s case. In fact, there are multiple fragments in the Memoriale pointing to her sensitivity to images. This is evident in some of the passus in the first series (clearly from the seventh to the fourteenth, at least) where she talks about the cross with all the ambiguity that the concept of imago implies: in the physical sense (as a place for focusing the meditation) and in the mental one (for example, as an object of the imagination connected with the revival of Christ’s passion or as a symbol of the presence of God within).23 In other cases she narrates a real interaction with images as devotional objects: we find the moment when she undresses in front of the cross, walking nude and offering herself to the dead Christ24, or in the midst of a moment of crisis in which her neighbours thought that she was indaemoniata [possessed] when she was unable to stand in front of a depiction of the Passion: “Et quando videbam passionem Christi pictam, vix poteram sustinere, sed capiebar me febris et infirmabar, unde socia mea abscondebat a me picturas passionis et studebat abscondere”.25 “Also, whenever I saw the passion of Christ depicted, I could hardly bear it and I would come down with a fever and fall sick. My companion, as a result, hid paintings of the passion or did her best to keep them out of my sight”.26 22 BELTING, Hans. L’arte e il suo pubblico. Funzione e forme delle antiche immagini della passione, Bologna: Nova Alfa, 1986 [1st ed. 1981], p. 66. 23 Menestò, p. 6-9 and Lachance, p. 125-128. 24 Eighth passus: Menestò, p. 6 and Lachance, p. 125-126. 25 Menestò, p. 13. 122 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 These passages are historical clues that help us to locate Angela in a very specific devotional context, in which her quest for God is marked and supported by images. In any case, despite the fact that we can easily link certain images that she used with some iconographic models of her time27 the only clear historical object which she integrates in the Memoriale is the stained glass window of the angels in Assisi: let us try to comprehend what happened there. II. The pilgrimage and ascent to Assisi as a symbol This stained glass window is located in the Basilica Maggiore di San Francesco, where it is the first window on the left of the entrance seen from inside the church. We observe the depiction of Saint Francis embraced by Christ in front of which Angela cried: “Amor incognite, quare et quare et quare?” [“Love still unknown, why? why? why?”].28 Before interpreting why it happened exactly at this point in time and in front of this particular image we should remind ourselves of the narrative background in the Memoriale: 26 Lachance, p. 131. 27 See the multiple examples in BASSETTI, Massimiliano and TOSCANO, Bruno. Op. cit. 28 Menestò, p. 26 and Lachance, p. 142, respectively. 123 SALVADOR GONZÁLEZ, José María (org.). Mirabilia 17 (2013/2) Mulier aut Femina. Idealismo ou realidade da mulher na Idade Média Mulier aut Femina. Idealidad o realidad de la mujer en la Edad Media Mulier aut Femina. Idealism or reality of women in the Middle Ages Jul-Dez 2013/ISSN 1676-5818 Imagem 2 The stained glass window of the angels (Basilica Superiore, Assisi, c. 1275). Image taken from BASSETTI, Massimiliano and TOSCANO, Bruno. Dal visibile all'indicibile: crocifissi ed esperienza mistica in Angela da Foligno. Spoleto: Fondazione Centro italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo, 2012, p. 65. Unde et quando tunc ibat ad Sanctum Franciscum rogabat eum, scilicet beatum Franciscum, quod predictam gratiam ei acquireret a Domino Iesu Christo; et multa alia referebat quod postulabat in illa oratione quam faciebat per illam viam. Et quando ipsa pervenit inter Spellum et viam artam que est ultra Spellum et ascendit sursum versus Assisium, ibi in trivio dictum est ei ita: “Tu rogasti servum meum Franciscum et ego nolui mittere alium nuntium. Et ego 124