V I S U A L A G G R E S S I O N Images of Martyrdom in Assaf Pinkus Late Medieval Germany visual aggression V i s u a l A g g r e s s i o n Images of Martyrdom in Late Medieval Germany assaf pinkus The Pennsylvania State University Press University Park, Pennsylvania This book was published with the support of the Israeli Science Foundation and the The Kadar Family Award for Outstanding Research. The Kadar Family Award for Outstanding Research Tel Aviv University Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pinkus, Assaf, author. Title: Visual aggression : images of martyrdom in late medieval Germany / Assaf Pinkus. Description: University Park, Pennsylvania : The Pennsylvania State University Press, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Explores images of torment and martyrdom that appeared in the German-speaking world in the late medieval period, tying them to premodern conceptualizations of individuality and selfhood”— Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2020035730 | ISBN 9780271083797 (cloth) Subjects: LCSH: Violence in art. | Martyrdom in art. | Art, Medieval—Germany. Classification: LCC N8257 .P57 2020 | DDC 704.9/493036—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020035730 Copyright © 2021 Assaf Pinkus All rights reserved Printed in China Book design/typesetting by Garet Markvoort, zijn digital Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA 16802–1003 The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses. It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Material, aNSI z39.48–1992. Contents List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Weep Not for Me . . . But Weep on Yourselves 1 1 Visual Rhetoric 14 2 Between Theological and Juridical Positions 37 3 Bodily Imagination, Imagined Bodies 62 4 Eroticized and Sexualized Bodies 82 5 The Body Reincarnated 96 Epilogue: Effect and Response to Violence Imagery 113 Notes 121 Bibliography 145 Index 161 Illustrations Color Plates (after page 84) 12. Stephan Lochner (?), Flaying of Saint Bartholomew, ca. 1425 1. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north 13. Wellmich am Rhein, Church of St. Martin, Last choir portal, Passion Portal, 1351–70s Judgment with the Martyrdoms of the Twelve Apostles, 2. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north detail: Dragging by Horse of Saint Philip, last quarter of choir portal, detail of the first register of the the fourteenth century tympanum: Betrayal of Judas, 1351–70s 14. Wellmich am Rhein, Church of St. Martin, Last 3. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north Judgment with the Martyrdoms of the Twelve Apostles, choir portal, outer archivolt, martyrdom scenes, detail: Mouth of Hell, last quarter of the fourteenth 1351–70s century 4. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north 15. Zell am Allgäu, Church of St. Bartholomew, choir portal, inner archivolt, martyrdom scenes, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, detail: Boiling of Saint 1351–70s John the Evangelist, ca. 1450 5. Schenna, Church of St. George, Saint George on the 16. Zell am Allgäu, Church of St. Bartholomew, Wheel, ca. 1400 Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, detail: Flaying of Bartholomew, ca. 1450 6. Schenna, Church of St. George, Saint George Dragged and Quartered by Horses, ca. 1400 17. Zell am Allgäu, Church of St. Bartholomew, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, detail: Martyrdom of 7. Schenna, Church of St. George, Saint George Stabbed Saint Simon and Saint Judas, ca. 1450 with Red-Hot Nails, ca. 1400 18. Stephan Lochner, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, 8. Vices, from Thomasin von Zerklaere, Der Welscher detail: Saint James the Lesser, ca. 1435 Gast, 1340. Forschungsbibliothek Gotha, Memb. I 120, fol. 100v 19. Zell am Allgäu, Church of St. Bartholomew, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, detail: Martyrdom of 9. Guido da Siena, reliquary shutter with the Saint James the Lesser, ca. 1450 martyrdom of Saint Catherine of Alexandria, detail, ca. 1260 20. The Ten Thousand Martyrs altarpiece, 1325 10. Stephan Lochner, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, 21. The Ten Thousand Martyrs altarpiece, detail, 1325 ca. 1435 22. Master Francke, Martyrdom of Saint Barbara 11. Stephan Lochner, Martyrdom of the Twelve Apostles, altarpiece, detail: Saint Barbara’s Mastectomy and detail: Flaying of Saint Bartholomew, ca. 1435 Whipping, ca. 1410–16 23. Saint Catherine of Alexandria altarpiece, detail: 8. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, Whipping of Saint Catherine, ca. 1440 north choir portal, outer archivolt, left side, detail: Martyrdom of Saint Christopher, 1351–70s 21 24. Saint Catherine of Alexandria altarpiece, detail: Mastectomy of Saint Catherine, ca. 1440 9. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north choir portal, outer archivolt, left side, detail: 25. Saint Catherine of Alexandria altarpiece, detail: Martyrdom of Saint Judas Thaddeus, 1351–70s 22 Decapitation of Empress Faustina, ca. 1440 10. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, 26. Crucifixion, ca. 1425–35 north choir portal, outer archivolt, left side, detail: 27. Crucifixion, detail: sculpted head of Mary, Martyrdom of Saint Judas Thaddeus, 1351–70s 22 ca. 1425–35 11. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, 28. Crucifixion, detail: sculpted head of John the north choir portal, inner archivolt, left side, detail: Evangelist, ca. 1425–35 Martyrdom of Saint Simon, 1351–70s 23 29. Crucifixion, detail: sculpted head of Christ, 12. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north ca. 1425–35 choir portal, outer archivolt, right side, detail: Martyrdom of Saint James the Lesser, 1351–70s 23 30. Schreinmadonna (opened), ca. 1300 13. Vienna Cathedral, Bischofstor, Saint Agnes with the 31. Ursula altarpiece, detail: Ursula head reliquary, Lamb and Saint Juliana with the Devil, ca. 1365 29 ca. 1350 14. Violence Enthroned, from Thomasin von Zerklaere, 32. Ursula altarpiece, detail: Ursula head reliquary, Welscher Gast, 1340. Forschungsbibliothek Gotha, ca. 1350 Memb. I 120, fol. 38r 31 33. Henri Bellechose, The Martydom of Saint Denis, 1416 15. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, Life of the Virgin, ca. 1324–1420 36 Figures 16. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, 1. Chartres Cathedral, Last Judgment Portal, south martyrdom scenes, ca. 1390: (a) Saint Thomas Becket façade, Luxuria Dragged by a Demon, ca. 1220 4 (?), (b) Saint Agnes, (c) Saint Vitus, (d) Saint John the Baptist, (e) unidentified martyr (Saint Erasmus or 2. Chartres Cathedral, Martyrs Column, south portal, Saint Cassian?), (f) Saint Afra, (g) Saint Sebastian, Saint Saturnin Dragged by a Bull, ca. 1230 15 (h) Saint Lawrence on the gridiron 40 3. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, north 17. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner choir portal, Passion tympanum, detail: Crown of archivolt of the Nativity tympanum, martyrdom Thorns and the Ascent to Calvary, 1351–70s 17 scenes, ca. 1370: (a) Saint Stephen, (b) Saint Leodegar, 4. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, south (c) Saint Apollonia, (d) Saint Odile, (e) Saint Emmeram choir portal, Last Judgment tympanum, 1351–70s 17 or Saint Jacobus, (f) Saint Anthony’s temptations and demonic vision in the desert, (g) Saint Cecile, 5. Schwäbisch Gmünd, Holy Cross Minster, (h) Saint Matthew 41 north choir portal, inner archivolt, left side, detail: Martyrdom of Saint James the Greater or Saint Paul, 18. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, 1351–70s 19 second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin tympanum, left side, martyrdom scenes, ca. 1370: 6. Reims Cathedral, north façade, jamb of central (a) Saint Philip, (b) Saint Barbara, (c) Unidentified Calixtus doorway, Saint Nicaise, ca. 1225–30 19 Martyr (Saint James the Greater?), (d) Saint 7. Paris, Basilica of Saint-Denis, Porte des Valois, Paul, (e) Saint Agatha, (f) Saint Bartholomew, Martyrdom of Saint Denis, ca. 1170 20 (g) Saint Ursula and the Eleven Thousand Virgins, (h) Saint Catherine 42 viii illustrations 19. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, 30. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin tympanum, right side, martyrdom scenes, ca. 1370: tympanum, left side, detail: Saint Agatha, ca. 1370 48 (a) Saint Judas Thaddeus and Saint Simon, (b) Saint 31. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, Peter, (c) Saint Christopher, (d) Martyrdom of the second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin Ten Thousand, (e) Saint John the Evangelist, (f) tympanum, left side, detail: Ursula and the Eleven unidentified martyr (James the Lesser?), (g) Saint Thousand Virgins, ca. 1370 48 Andrew, (h) Saint Simon or Saint Thomas 43 32. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, 20. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, left side, tympanum, right side, detail, Martyrdom of the Ten detail: Saint Agnes, ca. 1370 44 Thousand, ca. 1370 49 21. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner 33. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, right side, middle archivolt of the Life of the Virgin tympanum, detail: unidentified martyr (Saint Erasmus or Saint right side, detail: Cain kills Abel, ca. 1351–70 49 Cassian?), ca. 1370 44 34. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner 22. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, left side, archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, right side, detail: Martyrdom of Saint John the Baptist 56 detail: Saint Afra, ca. 1370 44 35. Martyrdom of John the Baptist, in Elsässische 23. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner Legenda Aurea (Straßburg “Werkstatt von 1418”), 1419. archivolt of the Crucifixion tympanum, right side, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. germ. 144, detail: Saint Sebastian, ca. 1370 44 Bl. fol. 89v 57 24. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner 36. Martyrdom of Saint Paul, in Elsässische Legenda archivolt of the Nativity tympanum, left side, detail: Aurea (Straßburg “Werkstatt von 1418”), 1419. Saint Leodegar, ca. 1370 46 Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. germ. 144, 25. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner Bl. fol. 7r 57 archivolt of the Nativity tympanum, left side, detail: 37. Martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew, in Elsässische Saint Apollonia, ca. 1370 46 Legenda Aurea (Straßburg “Werkstatt von 1418”), 1419. 26. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cod. Pal. germ. 144, inner archivolt of the Nativity tympanum, right side, Bl. fol. 82v 57 detail: Saint Emmeram or Saint Jacobus Intercisus, 38. Chopping Off the Hands of Forgers, in Les Fleurs des ca. 1370 47 Chroniques, 1321. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 27. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, inner MS 677, fol. 88v 59 archivolt of the Nativity tympanum, right side, detail: 39. Execution of Nicolas le Flamand, in Les Fleurs des Saint Cecile, ca. 1370 47 Chroniques, 1382. Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 28. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, MS 677, fol. 122v 59 second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin 40. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, tympanum, left side, detail: Saint Barbara, second inner archivolt of Life of the Virgin ca. 1370 48 tympanum, left side, detail: Saint Catherine, 29. Thann, Church of St. Theobald, west façade, ca. 1370 63 second inner archivolt of the Life of the Virgin 41. Guido da Siena, reliquary shutter with the Flaying tympanum, left side, detail: unidentified martyr of Saint Bartholomew, detail, ca. 1260 66 (James the Greater?), ca. 1370 48 illustrations ix