Volumes now ready: I. Exc&aPTA EX ThEoDOTO OF CLEMENT OF ALEXA."WRIA By R. P. Casey II. EPIPHANIUB DE GEMMIS By R. P. Blake and Henri de Vis Ill. THE DuRA. FRAGMENT OF THE DuTEBSARON OF TATUN By Carl H. Kraeling IV. VISIO SANCTJ PAULI By Theodore Silverstein Volumes in Preparation: F .u.m.Y II AND CoDEX AL:i:xAND.IUNUs By Silva Lake DE loNA: A Jewish Treatiu of the First Cmtury By li8D8 Levi THE BooK oF ENoCH By Campbell Bonner Tam AaHENIAN VERBJoN OF THE SEJWo MAJOR OF ATRA.NA.SIUB By R. P. Casey To CAEIIAREAN TEXT oF TBE GosPEL oP MAu: By K. Lake, R. P. Blake, and Silva Lake STUDIES AND DOCUl\fENTS EDITED BY KIRSOPP LAKE, LITT.D. AND SILVA LAKE, M.A. IV VISIO SANCTI PAULI ADVISORY COMMITTEE R.P. BLAKE CAMPBELL BONNER F. C. BURKITT H. J. CADBURY R. P. CASEY HENRI DE VIS BELLE DA C. GREENE H. A. SANDERS VISIO SANCTI PAULI THE HISTORY OF THE APOCALYPSE IN LATIN TOGETHER ~TH NINE TEXTS BY THEODORE SILVERSTEIN, Pn.D. J,ONDON: CHRISTOPHERS ii BERNERS STREET. W. I CAPE TOWN MELBOUIL'IE SYDNEY WELLINGTON TORONTO PREFACE The limits of the present work are indicated by its sub-title. With the non-Latin Long versions and their descendents, and with the Western vernacular Redactions which flourished in the centuries just preceding the Renaissance, it deals only incidentally and as they help to bridge the gaps in the Latin history. Chapters One and Two in Part One attempt to recount what may be called the external history of the book in the West. The rest of this part treats in detail the growth and relationship of the Latin texts and the sources and meaning of the more important interpolations. Of the nine texts published in Part Two only three have appeared previously in print: the 'Vienna Fragment' and Redactions I and v. Redaction I and the Vienna Fragment are extant in the same manu script, written continuously as if they were a single work. AB a result Brandes, in his edition of 1885, partly confused the two. They are here studied anew from the codex and separated. The third text, Redaction v, was printed from a single Berlin codex by Sepelevic, and excerpts from an English manuscript appear as an appendix to Jones and RhY's, The Elucidarium, in Anecdota Oxoniensia, Mediaeval and Modem Series, vol. VI. It is now edited from a more complete text in MS. Rawlinson C 108, with the variants from the Berlin codex and the Jones and RhY's fragments recorded in the notes. The other six Latin forms of the Apocalypse are published for the first time. It will be observed that no text of the highly important Redaction IV is printed here. Representative versions have already been published five times, it is true, by Brandes, Meyer, van Os, and in Migne's Patro logia latina; but this is not the reason for its omission. None of these editions uses more than a few of the extant codices: a complete and critical edition of it is much needed. However, the problems of the Redaction are so extensive that it seemed best to reserve the printing of such a text for a separate work. In the meantime Redaction IV has not been entirely neglected. Most of its manuscripts have been consulted for this study, pertinent textual variants being recorded in the proper places throughout; and its place in the general scheme of the Latin Redactions is fully considered in Part One. The terms used to distinguish the various forms of the Apocalypse vii viii PREFACE need some explanation. 'Long texts' is used for all those versions, both Latin and non-Latin, which approximate, in the fullness and the nature of their contents, to the third-and fourth-century originals. This name is applied also to the St. Gall Text a.nd the Vienna Fragment, which, though in reality abbreviations, are most conveniently grouped with the completer forms of the book. 'Redaction' is used specifically to refer to the body of late mediaeval abbreviations, descendents of the Long Latin, which circulated in the West beginning with the ninth century. For the individual Redactions I have followed the numerical designa tions of Bra.ndes, adding the letters a, b, c, and d to distinguish the vari ant versions of Redaction m, most of which he did not know, and the numbers VII and VIII for the two new Redactions. This is inconsistent, since I-V (and now VII and vm) indicate relationship and to some extent relative chronology, whereas VI is given to a text older than any other of the Redactions and unconnected with them. But Brandes's terminology has become established among students of the Apocalypse, and to disturb it would only add confusion to an already complicated subject. The large debt of this monograph to previous works in the same field is indicated in the body of the book. I wish here to acknowledge obliga tions of a more personal nature. Professor Rudolph Willard of Yale first called my attention to the M1 and CC texts of Redaction III and furnished me with transcripts of them and of a fragmentary Old English version of the Long Latin. Professors Leo Wiener and Samuel H. Cross of Harvard have provided translations of the Old Russian Long text; and Professor Harry Wolfson has answered many questions concerning Hebrew lore. I am indebted to Professor George Lyman Kittredge for many things: amongst others for encouragement and guidance when, five years ago, I began my investigation of this subject and for the care that he has spent on the proofs. To Professor and Mrs. Lake, the editors of the series in which the book appears, I am grateful first of all for a kindness and understanding that have gone far beyond the limits of mere editorial duty. And I am grateful for all their meticu lous scrutiny of manuscript and proofs. I wish also to thank the Committee of the Fund for Research in the Humanities of Harvard University for the grants of money that have made possible the present publication. THEODORE SILVERSTEIN TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE • • • • • . • • vii I THE HisTORY oF THE APocALYPSE CHA1'TER ONE: THE WESTERN TRADITION • • • • • • • • 3 Origin and literary relations of the Apocalypse, 3. Origen's evidence of its circulation in the third century, 3. Disapproval of Church authorities: Augustine, Sozomen, Samuel of Ani, 3-4. Its early spread; the reasons for its popularity, 4-5. Its continuous career in the West: the Paris and St Gall copies of the chief Long Latin text; references in Aldhelm, the Blickling Homilies, 'Wulfstan' and Aelfric, 5-9. Rise of the Redactions and their connection with the Long Latin: indebtedness to Is lamic tradition denied; evidence of the mss and of the Blickling homilist and 'Wulfstan,' 9-12. Influence of Long texts on mediaeval vision literature: the Body and Soul legend, the Sabbath-day respite from torment, and the graduated immer sion of sinners in the river of Hell, 12-14. Influence of the Redactions: their popularity compared with that of Tundale and St. Patrick's Purgatory, 14. CHAPTER Two: PROBLEMS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 15 I. Modem Discovery and Criticism: Tischendorf's Greek and the other Long texts; problem of the primitive form of the Apocalypse, 15. Modem history of the Redactions, 15-16. Contributions of Brandes, Sepelevic and Wieber, 16-17. II. The Problem of the Latin Texts: Ms. authorities for the pres- ent study, 17. Interpolations in the Redactions; refutation of Asin Palacios's theory of Arabic influence, 17-19. CHAPTER THREE: THE LoNG LATIN VERSIONS . • . • . • • 20 The three authorities, P, St G and F; problems of the Western tradition, 20-21. I. The Evidence of P, 21-33. II. The Evi dence of St G, 33-35. III. The Evidence of F, 36-37. IV. Conclusion: summary history of the Long Latin versions, 37-39. CHAPTER FoUR: THE LATIN REDACTIONs: THEIR DEVELOPMENT AND RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . 40 ix X TABLE OF CONTENTS Common traits of Redactions I-v, VII and vm: their difference from Redaction VI, 40. I. Redactions I and u: contents and relations; lost Redaction a, 41-43. II. Redaction III: its sub-groups a, b, c and d, 43-45. Inter-connection of these groups; reconstruction of original Redaction m, 45-51. Rela tion to I and n and non-extant {J, 51-52. III. Redactions IV and vn: summary of IV, 52-53; relations of IV and vu with Redactions m, I and the hypothetical -y, 54-56. IV. Redac tions v and vm: their connection with IV, III and 1, 56-58. V. Redaction VI: its independence and its peculiar contents, 58- 59. VI. Conclusion: Relationship of all the Latin Texts, 59-61. Appendix: development of the versions of Paul as re constructed by Brandes, Sepelevil! and Wieber, 61-63. CHAPTER FIVE: THE REDACTIONS: HISTORY AND MEANING OF THE INTERPOLATIONS 64 o • o • • • • o • • • • • • • The seven chief interpolations requiring elucidation, 64-65. I. The Rivers of Hell and the Men with Tongues of Iron-Ver gilian Influence, 65-66. II. The Dragon Parthemon: rela tionship with various monsters in Scriptures and elsewhere in Western lore, 66-68. Analogy between Parthemon and Pha raoh, Herod, Antiochus as symbol of pride and its tormentor: the apocryphal Apocalypse of Esdras; Behemoth-Leviathan in Gregory's M aralia in Job, 68. Conjectured origin of the name Parthemon, 68-69. III. The Hanging Sinners: distinctive features of this motif in Paul, 69-70. Relationship with Greek Acts of Thomas and a fragmentary Latin Apocalypse of Elias, 70. Origin of the fiery trees on which sinners hang; the figure of the Tree of Sin in Gregory's Moralia, 71-72. Significance of the interpolation, 72. IV. The Furnace: its seven flames in Redactions vn, v and IV, connected with the Seven Deadly Sins, a late emendation; four flames of Redaction m conjec tured to be original, 72-73. Connection of interpolation with the Graeco-Roman 1rd871 and the Christian lore of the Fire of Doom, 73-74. The four colors of the flames and the color symbolism of vice and torment: Plutarch's Vision of Thespe sius, the canonical Book of Revelation, the Shepherd of Her mas, and the Christian allegorization of the rainbow colors, 74-75. V. The Wheel of Torment: its origin illuminated by a fragmentary Priscillianist apocalypse; significance of the phrase 'angelus tartareus,' 76-77. VI. The Bridge of Hell: its popularity in late Middle Ages contrasted with its non occurrence in the earliest Christian apocalypses, 77-78. The TABLE OF CONTENTS xi bridge in Gregory's Dialogues, the Historia Francorum of Greg- ory of Tours, and the Vision of a Monk at Wenlock Abbey, 78. Proof that the Dialogues is source of the interpolation in Paul, 78-79. VII. The Sunday Respite: Was the respite originally annual or weekly? ambiguity of the Long texts, 79-80. Con trasting explicitness of the Redactions; their transformation by the developing Sabbatarianism of the West, 80-81. CHAPTER SIX: THE INTERPOLATIONS: REDACTION VI • . • • • 82 Radical modification of original Apocalypse by VI; its major interpolations related to and explained by the Apocalypse of Peter and a group of early Irish visions and voyages to the other-world-Laisren, Adamndn, the Ui Corra, and the Celtic TransitU8 M ariae, 82. I. False Witnesses and the Abusers of Iron Tools (§§3 and 10), 82-84. II. Spiritual Parents Who Did Not Keep Their Trust (§4), 84. III. The Idolaters and Sorcerers (§8), 85-86. IV. The Horse-Thieves (§9), 86. V. The Intercession Episode (§12): inconsistency of VI; its juxta position of the Western distinction between, and the pre Gregorian blending of, Hell and Purgatory, 87-88. The uniqueness of its use of the camel as instrument of deliverance, 88-89. VI. Conclusion: the main sources of VI, and the interests of its author, 89-90. NOTES • 91 II TEXTS NOTE . . . . . . . 130 THE ST GALL TEXT (St G) 131 THE VIENNA FRAGMENT (F) 149 REDACTION I 153 REDACTION II . • . • 156 REDACTION Ill (a, b, c, d) 160 REDACTION v 196 REDACTION VII • 204 REDACTION Vlll • 209 REDACTION VI . 214 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . • . • . . . • . • • • • • • • • 219 I. The Apocalypse of Paul: List of Texts and Manuscripts-A. The Non-Latin Versions, 219. B. The Latin Texts, 22Q-222. II. General Bibliography, 223-229.