Receptors and Recognition General Editors: P. Cuatrecasas and M. F. Greaves About the series Cellular recognition ~ the process by which cells interact with, and respond to, molecular signals in their environment ~ plays a crucial role in virtually all important biological functions. These encompass fertili zation, infectious interactions, embryonic development, the activity of the nervous system, the regulation of growth and metabolism by hormones and the immune response to foreign antigens. Although our knowledge of these systems has grown rapidly in recent years, it is clear that a full understanding of cellular recognition phenomena will require an integrated and multidisciplinary approach. This series aims to expedite such an understanding by bringing together accounts by leading researchers of all biochemical, cellular and evolutionary aspects of recognition systems. This series will contain volumes of two types. First, there will be volumes containing about five reviews from different areas of the general subject written at a level suitable for all biologically oriented scientists (Receptors and Re cognition, series A). Secondly, there will be more specialized volumes (Receptors and Recognition, series B), each of which will be devoted to just one particularly important area. Advisory Editorial Board K.F. Austen, Harvard Medical School, Boston, U.S.A. E.A. Boyse, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, U.S.A. M.J. Crumpton, Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, London, U.K. M. Edidin, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A. N.B. Gilula, The Rockefeller University, New York, U.S.A. L.L. Iversen, MRC Neurochemical Pharmacology Unit, Cambridge, U.K. J. Lilien, The University of Wisconsin, U.S.A. V.T. Marchesi, Yale University, New Haven, U.S.A. S. Ohno, City of Hope National Medical Center, California, U.S.A. L. Philipson, University of Uppsala, Sweden. M. Raff, University College. London, U.K. M. Rodbell, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, U.S.A. M. Sela, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. S.H. Snyder, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, U.S.A. D.F.H. Wallach, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, U.S.A. L. Wolpert, The Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, U.K. Receptors and Recognition Series A Published Volume 1 (1976) M.F. Greaves (London), Cell Surface Receptors: A Biological Perspective F. Macfarlane Burnet (Melbourne), The Evolutionof Receptors and Recognition in the Immune System K. Resch (Heidelberg), Membrane Associated Events in Lymphocyte Activation K. N. Brown (London), Specificity in Host-Parasite Interaction Volume 2 (1976) D. Givol (Jerusalem), A Structural Basis for Molecular Recognition: The Antibody Case B.D. Gomperts (London), Calcium and Cell Activation M.A.B. de Sousa (New York), Cell Traffic D. Lewis (London), Incompatibility in Flowering Plants A. Levitski (Jerusalem), Catecholamine Receptors Volume 3 (1977) J. Lindstrom (Salk, San Diego), Antibodies to Receptors for Acetylcholine and other Hormones M. Crandall (Kentucky), Mating-type Interactions in Micro-organisms H. Furthmayr (Yale), Erythrocyte Proteins M. Silverman (Toronto), Specificity of Membrane Transport Volume 4 (1977) M. Sonenberg and A.S. Schneider (New York), Hormone Action at the Plasma Membrane: Biophysical Approaches H. Metzger (NIH, Bethesda), The Cellular Receptor for IgE T.P. Stossel (Harvard), Endocytosis A. Meager (Warwick) and C.R. Hughes (London), Virus Receptors M.E. Eldefrawi and A.T. Eldefrawi (Baltimore), Acetylcholine Receptors Volume 5 (1978) P.A. Lehmann (Mexico), Stereoselective Molecular Recognition in Biology A.G. Lee (Southampton, U.K.), Fluorescence and NMR Studies of Membranes L.D. Kohn (NIH, Bethesda), Relationships in the Structure and Function of Receptors for Glycoprotein Hormones, Bacterial Toxins and Interferon Volume 6 (1978) J.N. Fain (Providence, Rhode Island), Hormones, Membranes and Cyclic Nucleotides G.D. Eytan (Haifa) and B.I. Kanner (Jerusalem), Reconstitution of Biological Membranes P.J. O'Brien (NIH, Bethesda), Rhodopsin: A Light-sensitive Membrane Glycoprotein Index to Series A, Volumes 1-6 Series B Published The Specificity and Action of Animal, Bacterial and Plant Toxins (BI) edited by P. Cuatrecasas (Burroughs Wellcome, North Carolina) Intercellular Junctions and Synapses (B2) edited by J. Feldman (London), N.B. Gilula (Rockefeller University, New York) and J. D. Pitts (University of Glasgow) Microbial Interactions (B3) edited by J.L. Reissig (Long Island University, New York) Specificity of Embryological Interactions (B4) edited by D.R. Garrod (University of Southampton) Taxis and Behavior (B5) edited by G.L. Hazelbauer (University of Uppsala) Bacterial Adherence (B6) edited by E.H. Beachey (Veteran's Administration Hospital and University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee) Virus Receptors Part 1 Bacterial Viruses (B7) edited by L.L. Randall and L. Philipson (University of Uppsala) Neurotransmitter Receptors Part 1 Amino Acids, Pep tides and Benzodiazepines (B9) edited by S.J. Enna (University of Texas at Houston) and H.I. Yamamura (University of Arizona) In preparation Neurotransmitter Receptors Part 2 Biogenic Amines (B I 0) edited by H.I. Yamamura (University of Arizona) and,S.J. Enna (University of Texas at Houston) Membrane Receptors: Methods for Purification and Characterization (B II) edited by S. Jacobs and P. Cuatrecasas (Burroughs Wellcome, North Carolina) Purinergic Receptors (B 12) edited by G. Burnstock (University College, London) Receptor Regulation (B 13) edited by R.J. Lefkowitz (Duke University, North Carolina) Transplantation Antigens (B14) edited by P. Parham and J. Strominger (Harvard University) Receptors and Recognition Series B Volume 8 Virus Receptors Part 2 Animal Viruses Edited by K. Lonberg-Holm Du Pont Central Research and Development Department, Delaware and L. Philipson The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Sweden LONDON AND NEW YORK CHAPMAN AND HALL First published 1981 by Chapman and Hall Ltd., 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Published in the U.S.A. by Chapman and Hall in association with Methuen, Inc. , 733 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 @ 1981 Chapman and Hall Softcover reprint oft he hardcover 1st edition 1981 Typeset by C Josee Utteridge-Faivre and printed in Great Britain at the University Press, Cambridge ISBN-13: 978-94-011-8024-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-8022-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-8022-1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted, or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. British Library Cataloging in Publication Data Receptors and recognition. Series B. Vol. 8: Virus receptors. Part 2. Animal viruses 1. Cell interaction I. l.onberg-Holm, K II. Philipson, L. 574.8'76 QH604.2 80-41718 Contents Contributors page ix Contents of Virus Receptors Part 1 Bacterial Viruses x Preface xi Attachment of Animal Viruses to Cells: an Introduction K. Lonberg-Holm 2 Components of Non-enveloped Viruses which Recognize Receptors 21 P. Boulanger and K. Lonberg-Holm 3 Subviral Components of Myxo-and Paramyxo-viruses which Recognize Receptors 47 A.S. Scheid 4 Glycophorin and Sialylated Components as Receptors for Viruses 63 A.I.H. Burness 5 The Biology and Biochemistry of Cellular Receptors for Enveloped Viruses 85 K.V. Holmes 6 Membrane Components Interacting with Non-enveloped Viruses 117 P. Boulanger and L. Philipson 7 The Role of Lipids in Virus-Cell Interactions 141 J. Bramhall and B. Wisnieski 8 The Chemical Nature of Virus-Receptor Interactions 155 N.L. Incardona 9 Picornavirus Receptors in Pathogenesis 169 R.L. Crowell, B.1. Landau, and J.-S. Siak 10 Retrovirus Receptors and Their Genetics 185 R.A. Weiss 11 Evaluation and Conclusions 203 L. Philipson Index 213 vii Contributors J. Bramhall, Department of Bacteriology University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A. P. Boulanger, Laboratoire de Virologie Moleculaire de l'INSERM, Ulle Cedex, France. A. T.H. Burness, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada. R.L. Crowell, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. J. DeLarco, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MeLoy Laboratories. Inc., Springfield, Virginia, U.S.A. K.V. Holmes, Microbiology Department, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. N. Incardona, Microbiology Department, University of Tennessee Medical Units, Memphis, U.S.A. 8.J. Landau, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. K. Lonberg-Holm, Du Pont Central Research and Development Department, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A. L. Philipson, The Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Uppsala, Sweden. A.S. Schied, The Rockfeller University, New York, U.S.A. J-S. Siak, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. C. Sigenas, Department of Microbiology, Biomedical Centre, University of Uppsala, Sweden. R.A. Weiss, Chester Beatty Research Institute, London, U.K. B.J. Wisnieski, Department of Bacteriology University of California, Los Angeles, U.S.A. ix Contents of Virus Receptors Part 1 Bacterial Viruses Introduction L. L. Randall 2 Phage Receptors in Gram-positive Bacteria A. R. Archibald 3 Lipopolysaccharide as a Bacteriophage Receptor A. Wright, M. McConnell and S. Kanegasaki 4 Interaction of Phages with their Receptor Proteins M. Schwartz 5 Attachment and Penetration of Lipid-containing Bacteriophages T. Palva and D. Bamford 6 Bacteriophage Nucleic Acid Penetration E. Goldberg Preface It is hardly necessary to define the concept of receptors to readers of this series, but it should be borne in mind that in several instances receptors are undefined entities, whose molecular details remain to be established. On the other hand the ligand, which recognizes the receptors, has been identified and characterized in most cases. The current interest in the structure and function of biological membranes gives great expectations that we may understand in the near future the details of ligand-receptor interaction. This interaction involves two defined steps: the first, usually referred to as recognition, is followed by the second step, transduction, in which the ligand-receptor interaction is translated by the cell into a biochemical action. The present two volumes which cover prokaryotic and eukaryotic virus receptors, have been published together in order to illustrate the specificity of virus receptor recognition which appears to be a guiding principle for both bacteria and higher cells. The identification and characterization of the receptors for phages of gram-negative bacteria has to a large extent relied on the genetic tech niques available for these organisms. In a similar way the availability of genetic systems has also clarified the interrelationship between animal retrovirus receptors even if the molecular structure remains to be determined. The paucity of defined genetic systems may therefore explain part of our ignorance concerning the mole cular details of virus receptors on human cells and possibly also on gram-positive bacteria. Based on evolutionary considerations virus receptors can hardly function primarily to support virus mUltiplication. They probably serve as important receptors for cell-cell recognition or for non-viral ligands. Some virus receptors in gram-negative bacteria have in fact already been identified as proteins involved in the uptake of nucleosides and other metabolites. In the long term a continued search for the identity of viral receptors in animal cells may therefore help to dissect specific functions of the plasma membrane. The transduction of a receptor-ligand interaction into a biochemical signal may be complex and diversified both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This phase in the virus-receptor interaction is usually referred to as the penetration step and involves the introduction of the viral genome or the viral nucleoprotein to the site of replication. The details of these events are only now coming into focus and we can expect a rapid expansion of this field. It is premature to predict the nature of the normal transduction processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that are subverted by the viruses and the evidence from the prokaryotes appears to suggest that viral functions control the penetration step. xi xii Preface We hope that these two volumes although not comprehensive, will stimulate investigators to penetrate a neglected area of virus research, which we hope will provide as many returns as the use of bacterial and animal viruses as models for gene expression. I want to thank my coeditors linda Randall and Karl Lonberg-Holm who have made untiring efforts to present a coherent picture of a difficult field now experi encing a rapid development. All favourable comments about these books should however be credited.to the;authors and all critical comments should be directed to me. Uppsala, February 1980 l..ennart Philipson