CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) Village Baseline Study: Site Analysis Report for Albertine Rift – Hoima, Uganda (UG0103) October 2012 L. Onyango, J. Mango, C. Bukenya, Z. Kurui, B. Wamubeyi, P. Birungi, V. Barongo Edited by: C. Perez, W. Förch, L. Cramer Correct citation: Onyango L, Mango J, Bukenya C, Kurui Z, Wamubeyi B, Birungi P, Barongo V. 2012. Village Baseline Study – Site Analysis Report for Albertine Rift – Hoima, Uganda (UG0103). CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at: www.ccafs.cgiar.org Titles in this series aim to disseminate interim climate change, agriculture and food security research and practices and stimulate feedback from the scientific community. Published by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). CCAFS Coordinating Unit - Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 21, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. Tel: +45 35331046; Email: [email protected] Creative Commons License This paper is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial–NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided the source is acknowledged. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purposes. The tools and guidelines used for implementation of the village baseline study across all CCAFS sites, as well as the mapping outputs at a higher resolution can be accessed on our website (http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys). © 2012 CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) DISCLAIMER: This Paper has been prepared as an output for the baseline activities under the CCAFS program and has not been peer reviewed. Any opinions stated herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the policies or opinions of CCAFS. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission of the source. For higher resolution versions of any image, please contact CCAFS. 1 Abstract The village baseline study of Kibaire village in the CCAFS benchmark site Hoima in Uganda took place from 13 to 16 July 2011. Forests are exploited at unsustainable levels in Kibaire but deforestation does not appear to be a serious threat because the tree population is still relatively high. Most of the forests have been leased to private individuals as part of the privatisation policy being implemented in Uganda. Wetlands are also increasingly subjected to overexploitation and pollution from brewing and other activities. Farming at both subsistence and commercial level is increasing at the expense of forests. Community access to forest resources is restricted. Participants identified 29 organisations working in the community, two-third of them operating from outside the locality. Participants said that they did have plenty of food in the village, and women expressed that they had never had a food crisis. Nonetheless, half of the organisations men and women identified were involved in some form of food security related activity, and notably food availability. Less than one-third of the organisations addressed natural resources management, and most of them were from outside the community. Organisations are the most significant source of information on agriculture. Farmers also get information through the many radio stations in the area that air many programs in local languages. Keywords Baseline; Uganda; village study; participatory mapping; organisations; access to information 2 About the Authors Onyango, Leah – Lecturer-Chairman-Department of Urban and Regional Planning-Maseno University, Private Bag, Maseno, Kenya Mango, Joash – Senior Technician, ICRAF GRP 5 and East Africa region; World Agroforestry Centre, P.O. Box 2389 Kisumu, Kenya Kurui, Zena – Estate management officer, Ministry of Housing. P.O Box 30119-00100 Nairobi, Kenya Wamubeyi, Brian – Freelance GIS Practitioner/Consultant. P.O. Box 3613-40100, Kisumu, Kenya Bukenya, Christopher – Lecturer, Department of Extension and Innovation, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda Birungi, Pauline – Research Officer (Rural Sociologist) Bulindi Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute. P.O. Box 101, Hoima, Uganda Barongo, Vincent – Agricultural Advisory Service Provider, Buliisa Town Council, National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS), P.O. Box 228, Masindi, Uganda Perez, Carlos – Independent Consultant, 28 Wheeler Pl., West Nyack, NY 10994, USA Förch, Wiebke – CCAFS science officer, Theme 4 (Integration for decision making); International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya Cramer, Laura – CCAFS consultant, Theme 4 (Integration for decision making); International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya 3 Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Keywords ............................................................................................................................................... 2 About the Authors .................................................................................................................................... 3 Contents ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Data analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Topic 1: Community resources – participatory satellite imagery interpretation and visioning ................................................................................................................................................. 7 A. Current resources ..................................................................................................................................................... 7 B. Gender-differentiated comparison of current conditions ................................................................. 13 C. Major changes of resource conditions ......................................................................................................... 14 D. Vision of the future ................................................................................................................................................ 18 Topic 2: Organisational landscapes .............................................................................................. 20 A. Basic spheres of operation ................................................................................................................................ 20 B. Organisational landscape of food security ................................................................................................ 24 C. Organisational landscape of food crisis situations ................................................................................ 25 D. Organisational landscape of natural resource management (NRM) ........................................... 25 Topic 3: Networks of information ................................................................................................. 28 Conclusion and recommendations .................................................................................................... 30 Implications for CCAFS ............................................................................................................................................. 30 4 Introduction The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) is a strategic ten-year partnership between the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the Earth System Science Partnership (ESSP) to help the developing world overcome the threats posed by a changing climate, to achieving food security, enhancing livelihoods and improving environmental management. In 2010, CCAFS embarked on a major baseline effort at household, village and organisation levels across its three target regions, namely East Africa, West Africa and South Asia (more information about CCAFS sites is available on our website http://ccafs.cgiar.org/where-we-work). CCAFS trained survey teams from partner organizations in the three regions to conduct the baseline. The baseline effort consists of three components – a household survey, village study and organisational survey. (1) The household baseline survey, a quantitative questionnaire on basic indicators of welfare, information sources, livelihood/agriculture/natural resource management strategies, needs and uses of climate and agricultural-related information and current risk management, mitigation and adaptation practices, was implemented by CCAFS partners in 35 sites (245 villages) with nearly 5,000 households in 12 countries to date. (2) CCAFS partners are implementing village baseline studies (VBS) and (3) organisational surveys in one out of the seven villages within each CCAFS site where the household survey was implemented. The plan is to revisit these villages in roughly 5 years, and again in 10 years, to monitor what changes have occurred since the baseline was carried out. The goal is not to attribute these changes to the program, but to be able to assess what kinds of changes have occurred and whether these changes are helping villages adapt to, and mitigate, climate change. The focus of this site analysis report is the village baseline study (VBS). To date, fifteen VBS were conducted in the three CCAFS regions. The VBS aims to provide baseline information at the village level about some basic indicators of natural resource utilisation, organisational landscapes, information networks for weather and agricultural information, as well as mitigation baseline information, which can be compared across sites and monitored over time. The objectives of the village baseline study are to:  Provide indicators to allow us to monitor changes in these villages over time. In particular, changes that allow people to o Manage current climate risks, o Adapt to long-run climate change, and o Reduce/mitigate greenhouse gas emissions  Understand the enabling environment that mediates certain practices and behaviours and creates constraints and opportunities (policies, institutions, infrastructure, information and services) for communities to respond to change  Explore social differentiation: o Perceptions of women and men will be gathered separately to be able to present different gender perspectives. o Focus group participants will be selected to present perceptions of groups differentiated by age. The detailed tools and guidelines used for the implementation of the village baseline study across all CCAFS sites, as well as the manuals, data and analysis reports can be accessed on our website (http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys). 5 Map 1. Location of the Kibaire village in the Albertine Rift – Hoima site, Uganda 6 This report presents the results of the Village Baseline Study (VBS) conducted on 13 to 16 July 2011, in the village of Kibaire, in the CCAFS Hoima site, Kenya (Map 1). The village geo-coordinates are 1.491; 31.516. Kibaire was chosen for the VBS because of its relative central location in the 10km x 10km sampling frame. There is reasonable accessibility to the village although in the event of heavy rain the roads can be difficult to navigate. The survey team was composed of two facilitators, two note takers and two translators. Each pair was male and female. Consultations were made with the village authorities concerning time and place of meeting. The authorities selected the chief’s palace as an appropriate venue. The site team leader sent out invitations to three sets of participants who were chosen using random sampling. Each group was composed of 15 men and 15 women. Three consecutive days were selected for the survey, and on each day only one set of participants was expected to participate. The whole community was invited on the first day for an introductory session where the survey was explained to them and results of the earlier household survey were shared. After the introductory session the rest of the community was released and only the invited group of 15 men and 15 women remained behind to carry on with the survey. At the end of the third day, when the survey was completed, the whole community was again invited to attend a debriefing session where the team shared a summary of the findings. The survey used participatory methods of data collection. Throughout the data collection process two groups were used, one of male and of female members of the community. This was to allow for collection of gender-differentiated information. Information generated from this VBS was captured on sketches, maps, flip charts, information cards and notes. All these needed to be brought together in one debriefing report from which this site analysis report is written. Photographs were also taken of all the activities and information generated at each stage. The debriefing report was prepared in the field so that it could benefit from the presence of the site team. The notes form the base of the report. In the final report computer-generated maps and diagrams replace the photographed sketches and maps originally inserted in the debriefing report. Data analysis Topic 1: Community resources – participatory satellite imagery interpretation and visioning Community infrastructure and resources and gender-differentiated access and utilisation of those resources have been analysed, based on a process of participatory visual interpretation of high- resolution satellite imagery (RapidEye). The aim was to create a basic understanding of existing community resources, as well as of community dynamics in relation to its environment. The participants discussed the current state of those resources, in terms of quality, access, management, history and potential drivers of change. Another group developed an image of village resources and human well-being into 2030 to understand opportunities, constraints and aspirations for the future. The detailed approach to this exercise is outlined in the CCAFS Village Baseline Study Implementation Manual (follow the link to the baseline study from our website http://ccafs.cgiar.org/resources/baseline-surveys). A. Current resources Separate groups of men and women met to map resources that are important to the community. The initial diagrams were drawn on the floor using chalk and discussed by the group to arrive at a consensus before being transferred to paper. The CCAFS team then showed the satellite image to the groups. During the satellite image interpretation, men identified the ploughed land, roads, swamps and buildings, while women started by searching in the image for areas they frequently visit, i.e. where they fetch firewood, the church, market, trading centre, health centres and schools. Once they found their bearings, the groups marked the landmarks on a piece of paper placed on top of the satellite image. The process of working with the groups to identify the resources that are important to them depended entirely on how well they were able to understand and interpret the satellite image. The appreciation of scale was important for them to get their bearing on the image. Also, it was 7 critical for the both the CCAFS regional team and the local team to understand the block well in advance. The exercise could not be rushed and took a lot of time (Photo 1 and Maps 2 and 3). Both male and female participants identified three types of natural resources that are listed in Table 1, below. Photo 1. Current conditions mentioned by women regarding natural resources and infrastructure Map 2. Men’s map of current community resources 8 Map 3. Women’s map of current community resources Extensive forest network covers the area including Kiisita, Mujunga, Mbuharagasi, Kyamalera, and Nyasano. The forests are a source of firewood, timber, poles for construction, traditional herbs and charcoal. There is extensive and uncontrolled exploitation of the forest resources and as a result the area under forest is reducing. Women collect firewood without restrictions. The individual use of the resources, however, cannot be compared with the commercial exploitation taking place. Trucks ferry charcoal and logs from the village to as far as Hoima town or Kampala town. The community are left to watch as the resource is depleted. Kyamalera and Mujunga forests are government owned. Kiisita is a government reserve leased to individuals for management. People believe that the forests are linked to rainfall. Other environmental services include a habitat for chimpanzees, a windbreak and a supply of fresh air. Private management of the forest denies access to the public. There are forested hills such as Mujungu hills on government land and from which the community collects firewood. There are also wooded grasslands, including Nyasanga and Nyatanga, where the community obtains pasture for the animals, charcoal, firewood and mushrooms. There is adequate grass in these areas. These areas, however, are privately owned or leased from the government by individuals. Private ownership or management restricts access to community members. 9