i ENCOUNTERS WITH ANCIENT EGYPT (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7) (cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:4)(cid:7) (cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7) (cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:23) (cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:26)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:6) Institute of Archaeology ii ‘Never Had the Like Occurred’ (cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:6) Ancient Egypt in Africa Edited by David O’Connor and Andrew Reid Ancient Perspectives on Egypt Edited by Roger Matthews and Cornelia Roemer Consuming Ancient Egypt Edited by Sally MacDonald and Michael Rice Imhotep Today: Egyptianizing architecture Edited by Jean-Marcel Humbert and Clifford Price Mysterious Lands Edited by David O’Connor and Stephen Quirke ‘Never had the like occurred’: Egypt’s view of its past Edited by John Tait Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: imperialism, colonialism and modern appropriations Edited by David Jeffreys The Wisdom of Egypt: changing visions through the ages Edited by Peter Ucko and Timothy Champion iii ENCOUNTERS WITH ANCIENT EGYPT (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7) (cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:4)(cid:7) (cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7) (cid:21)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:23) (cid:3)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:12)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:24)(cid:8)(cid:26)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:6) Edited by David Jeffreys Institute of Archaeology iv ‘Never Had the Like Occurred’ First published in Great Britain 2003 by UCL Press, an imprint of Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House, Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7278 8000 Facsimile: + 44 (0)20 7278 8080 Email: [email protected] Website: www.uclpress.com Published in the United States by Cavendish Publishing c/o International Specialized Book Services, 5824 NE Hassalo Street, Portland, Oregon 97213-3644, USA Published in Australia by Cavendish Publishing (Australia) Pty Ltd 45 Beach Street, Coogee, NSW 2034, Australia Telephone: + 61 (2)9664 0909 Facsimile: + 61 (2)9664 5420 © Institute of Archaeology, University College London 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Cavendish Publishing Limited, or as expressly permitted by law, or under the terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Cavendish Publishing Limited, at the address above. You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Jeffreys, D. Views of ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte: imperialism, colonialism and modern appropriations – (Encounters with ancient Egypt) 1 Egypt – Historiography 2 Egypt – History I Title 932 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 1-84472-001-2 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Designed and typeset by Style Photosetting, Mayfield, East Sussex Email: [email protected] Printed and bound in Great Britain Cover illustration: ‘The Great Pyramids of Carlingford Lough, Irelantis’, collage by Seán Hillen, 1994. “Carlingsford Lough, where I grew up, neatly marks the border between the North and the Republic of Ireland. I was aware of bridging it visually with the group of pyramids. I’ve been told since, to my delight, that Giza is Arabic for ‘the border’” (© Seán Hillen & Irelantis Ltd: www.irelantis.com). Series Editor’s Foreword v (cid:29)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:26)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:30)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:31)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:26) This series of eight books derives from the proceedings of a conference entitled ‘Encounters with Ancient Egypt’, held at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London (UCL) in December 2000. Since then, many new chapters have been especially commissioned for publication, and those papers originally provided for the conference and now selected for publication have been extensively revised and rewritten. There are many noteworthy features of the books. One is the overall attempt to move the study of Ancient Egypt into the mainstream of recent advances in archaeological and anthropological practice and interpretation. This is a natural outcome of London University’s Institute of Archaeology, one of the largest archaeology departments in the world, being the academic host. Drawing on the Institute’s and other related resources within UCL, the volumes in the series reflect an extraordinary degree of collaboration between the series editor, individual volume editors, contributors and colleagues. The wide range of approaches to the study of the past, pursued in such a vibrant scholarly environment as UCL’s, has encouraged the scholars writing in these volumes to consider their disciplinary interests from new perspectives. All the chapters presented here have benefited from wide-ranging discussion between experts from diverse academic disciplines, including art history, papyrology, anthropology, archaeology and Egyptology, and subsequent revision. Egyptology has been rightly criticized for often being insular; the methodologies and conclusions of the discipline have been seen by others as having developed with little awareness of archaeologies elsewhere. The place and role of Ancient Egypt within African history, for example, has rarely been considered jointly by Egyptologists and Africanists. This collaboration provides a stimulating review of key issues and may well influence future ways of studying Egypt. Until now, questions have rarely been asked about the way Egyptians thought of their own past or about non-Egyptian peoples and places. Nor has the discipline of Egyptology explored, in any depth, the nature of its evidence, or the way contemporary cultures regarded Ancient Egypt. The books in this series address such topics. Another exceptional feature of this series is the way that the books have been designed to interrelate with, inform and illuminate one another. Thus, the evidence of changing appropriations of Ancient Egypt over time, from the classical period to the modern Afrocentrist movement, features in several volumes. One volume explores the actual sources of knowledge about Ancient Egypt before the advent of ‘scientific’ archaeology, while another explores knowledge of Ancient Egypt after Napoleon Bonaparte’s expeditions and the unearthing of Tutankhamun’s tomb. The question asked throughout these volumes, however, is how far fascination and knowledge about Ancient Egypt have been based on sources of evidence rather than extraneous political or commercial concerns and interests. As a result of this series, the study of Ancient Egypt will be significantly enriched and deepened. The importance of the Egypt of several thousands of years ago reaches far beyond the existence of its architectural monuments and extends to its unique role in the history of all human knowledge. Furthermore, the civilization of Ancient Egypt speaks to us with particular force in our own present and has an abiding place in the modern psyche. vi ‘Never Had the Like Occurred’ As the first paragraph of this Foreword explains, the final stage of this venture began with the receipt and editing of some extensively revised, and in many cases new, chapters – some 95 in all – to be published simultaneously in eight volumes. What it does not mention is the speed with which the venture has been completed: the current UCL Press was officially launched in April 2003. That this series of books has been published to such a high standard of design, professional accuracy and attractiveness only four months later is incredible. This alone speaks eloquently for the excellence of the staff of UCL Press – from its senior management to its typesetters and designers. Ruth Phillips (Marketing Director) stands out for her youthful and innovative marketing ideas and implementation of them, but most significant of all, at least from the Institute’s perspective, is the contribution of Ruth Massey (Editor), who oversaw and supervized all details of the layout and production of the books, and also brought her critical mind to bear on the writing styles, and even the meaning, of their contents. Individual chapter authors and academic volume editors, both from within UCL and in other institutions, added this demanding project to otherwise full workloads. Although it is somewhat invidious to single out particular individuals, Professor David O’Connor stands out as co-editor of two volumes and contributor of chapters to three despite his being based overseas. He, together with Professor John Tait – also an editor and multiple chapter author in these books – was one of the first to recognize my vision of the original conference as having the potential to inspire a uniquely important publishing project. Within UCL’s Institute of Archaeology, a long list of dedicated staff, academic, administrative and clerical, took over tasks for the Director and Kelly Vincent, his assistant as they wrestled with the preparation of this series. All of these staff, as well as several members of the student body, really deserve individual mention by name, but space does not allow this. However, the books could not have appeared without the particular support of five individuals: Lisa Daniel, who tirelessly secured copyright for over 500 images; Jo Dullaghan, who turned her hand to anything at any time to help out, from re-typing manuscripts to chasing overdue authors; Andrew Gardner, who tracked down obscure and incomplete references, and who took on the complex job of securing and producing correctly scanned images; Stuart Laidlaw, who not only miraculously produced publishable images of a pair of outdoor cats now in Holland and Jamaica, but in a number of cases created light where submitted images revealed only darkness; and Kelly Vincent, who did all of the above twice over, and more – and who is the main reason that publisher and Institute staff remained on excellent terms throughout. Finally, a personal note, if I may. Never, ever contemplate producing eight complex, highly illustrated books within a four month period. If you really must, then make sure you have the above team behind you. Essentially, ensure that you have a partner such as Jane Hubert, who may well consider you to be mad but never questions the essential worth of the undertaking. Peter Ucko Institute of Archaeology University College London 27 July 2003 Contents vii (cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:6) Series Editor’s Foreword v Contributors ix List of Figures xiii ! "(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:26)#(cid:12)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7)$(cid:7)(cid:27)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:7)%#(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:7)&(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:7) ’(cid:8)(cid:26)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:11)(cid:7)%(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16) ! David Jeffreys ( "(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:7))*(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)+(cid:6)(cid:7) !, Fekri A. Hassan - (cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:3).#(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:9)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:7)/(cid:8)0(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:11)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:30)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:19)+(cid:4)(cid:7) 1, Morris L. Bierbrier 2 34#(cid:22)0(cid:4)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:22)5/(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)%(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:6)6(cid:23)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:7)7(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:7) /(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)8(cid:4)0(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:7) 99 Jason Thompson : (cid:29)(cid:8)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:4)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:28)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:7)7(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:7) (cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)!;;((cid:7) ;9 David M. Dixon 1 (cid:31)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:22)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)"(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:7)4(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:7) (cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:7) ,: José-R. Pérez-Accino and Covadonga Sevilla Cueva (French translated by Daniel Antoine and Lawrence Stewart Owens) 9 <(cid:27)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:6)5(cid:10)(cid:13)(cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:7)4(cid:16)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:3)(cid:26)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:30)(cid:25)(cid:7))(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:24)(cid:25)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:24)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:23)(cid:7) (cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)!,(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:7) (cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)#(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:20)(cid:7) (cid:14)=(cid:17)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)’(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:8)(cid:19)(cid:24)(cid:4)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:7) !>9 Isabel Medina-González ; (cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)8(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:9)#(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7) #(cid:20)(cid:13)#(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:7) !(9 Timothy Champion , (cid:10)(cid:17)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:19)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)4(cid:4)(cid:19)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)/(cid:22)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:8)5?(cid:8)(cid:24)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:23)(cid:7) (cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:24)(cid:7)?(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:8)0(cid:13)@(cid:4)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:7)?(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:7) !29 Jane Rowlandson !> (cid:27)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:28)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7) (cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:6)(cid:7) !:- Mary Horbury !! (cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:17)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:22)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:8)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7) 8(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:28)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:4)(cid:26)(cid:7) !9! Sandra A. Scham viii Views of Ancient Egypt since Napoleon Bonaparte !( (cid:31)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:4)(cid:13)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:11)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:5)(cid:11)(cid:6)(cid:23)(cid:7)?(cid:4)(cid:17)#*(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:12)(cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:7)(cid:2)(cid:19)(cid:20)#(cid:4)(cid:6)(cid:7) (cid:19)(cid:11)(cid:26)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:29)(cid:13)#(cid:26)(cid:16)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:28)(cid:4)(cid:7)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:12)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7))(cid:22)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:7) !9, David Wengrow References 195 Index 217 Note: No attempt has been made to impose a standard chronology on authors; all dates before 712 BC are approximate. However, names of places, and royal and private names have been standardized. Contributors ix (cid:8)(cid:11)(cid:13)(cid:22)(cid:3)*#(cid:13)(cid:8)(cid:22)(cid:6) Morris Leonard Bierbrier was Assistant Keeper in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum from 1975 until his retirement in 2000. His principal publications are The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs (1982), Who Was Who in Egyptology (1995), and Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt (1999). His received his doctorate from the University of Liverpool. Timothy Champion is Professor in the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton. His research interests are in later European prehistory, the history of archaeology and the use of the past in contemporary social and political discourse. His recent publications include Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe (1996, ed. with Margarita Diaz-Andreu), England’s Coastal Heritage (1997, ed. with M. Fulford and A. Long), and ‘The Appropriation of the Phoenicians in British Imperial Ideology’ (Nations and Nationalism, 7, 2001). He received his D Phil from the University of Oxford. David Dixon was formerly Lecturer in Egyptology in the Institute of Archaeology, University College London, and Honorary Curator of the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. He specializes in the history of the Red Sea area, and 19th century military history of Egypt and the Sudan, on which he has published extensively. Fekri A. Hassan is Petrie Professor of Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. He is the editor of African Archaeological Review. His current research interests focus on the cultural dynamics of Ancient Egypt, and the strategies of cultural heritage management. His current fieldwork includes an investigation of the archaeology of Farafra Oasis (with B. Barich) and he is the principal investigator at Kafr Hassan Dawood in the eastern Delta. His recent publications include Droughts, Food and Culture (2002), Alexandria’s Greco-Roman Museum (2002) and Strategic Approaches to Egyptian Cultural Heritage (2001). He received his PhD from the Southern Methodist University, Dallas, USA. Mary Horbury received her PhD from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. Her research was on Egyptian self-definition in the New Kingdom and Coptic Period. She has participated in archaeological fieldwork in Israel (Tel Hazor) and has conducted research in Egypt on the Coptic Period occupation of Luxor. Mary is currently working as a Care Leader for the Orders of St John Care Trust. David Jeffreys is Lecturer in Egyptian Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and is Director of the Egypt Exploration Society’s Survey of Memphis. His publications include archaeological reports and discussions of excavation and surveys at Memphis, discussions of the topography of the Memphite area, and archaeological sources for the regional survey. He has made a special study of the work of Joseph Hekekyan, who made geological soundings at a number of sites in Egypt in the early 1850s. He gained his PhD from the University of London. Isabel Medina-González is Restorer-Conservator in the National Coordination of Restoration of Cultural Patrimony, INAH, Mexico City. She is about to complete her