Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. .- � INBRIENEGDA NDP POULAOTNI SRTUCUTRES TUIDESI N THE NEWZ AELANADN GUBSRE ED A thespirse sde ntipenat rail fuflimlento ft hree qumeinrtes fort hdee groefe Masetr Aogfir ctuulrSaicle nce inA nimla Sicenacte Massye Unvieriyst WEGNK EONGC HEGO N 1977 ' Tom y Mothearn dF ather ' iii ABSTARCT Theb reesdrt utcuraen dg enteci hitsoyr of tNheewZ elaanpde digree Angubsr de weeraena ylsde byR oberstoann Ads k'esr( 9151m)od fiictaoin oft hWer igMhctP-h(e1e29 5p)e digsrmaepieln mge htod. Thep atteronft hber eeds rtuctoubratei neidsg enaelrlsymi irl a tot haftuo ndi no hters tduise,b uti ti sb oht diffaunsdde y nmaic owintgot hpere esnrta peixdnp asioonf tbhreeed. Theraer ech nages tkainpgl aicnet hhee rcdo pmostoiino ft hmea ojrb rereds'he eradnsd mannye wh ersd havyee tto f nidt heilvree li n et shrtutcur. e Conisdebrlaee mpahsihsa bs eenp alcde ont hue soef imported animailns tdhveee lmoepnotf t hber e.e Odfa lhle rdrse gtiesnrgii n Volmue6 1o ft hhee rbdo ok2,05 .%u seidm podr striee,sa ndt hpee rcentage ofg eneisnt he ebdir ne1 966d/e6vr7ei df rmo aniamlism protde snice 186w3a s8 .54. Them osti mpotranhte ridn 1 96h9a sa geentci conbturtiitoont he breeod f2 1.9p ecrne tw,hi le ctohnebt uritionosf t hfeuo rn extm ost imptoarnhte rwders e8 7.,28 .74,.a 7n d3 .p7e rcn et. Int hfeo ur­ genetorinap eidgrefermso w hicht hefsgeiu ersw erdee vrei,dt he conbturitiono fi pmotreadn mialsw as 42.%4.T her eliaotnispbh ewteen hersdi ez andi mproatncoef t hhee rwda sc onsid.e Hreerdddu roantw ias alsdoi usscsde,i ns of ra asi tr elattoei smr pomveenotf tbhreeed. The animwailt thh e hhetis rgealtionstoh iptb hree weads B lkalecg (1.16%5 int h1e9 0p0e digsrapemlee .) Buotv real,t lhmeos ti mproatnt animoavle trh pee ri1o09d0 -6169/w6a7sL ancoefrA dvieO.f t h3e3 iv srieasn d9 damwsh soed riecrte loantsiihpasr e3 .%0 orm orei na nyo f th8e s amlpey eras,1 9s rieasn d3 damwse riem ptoer.d Thet toailbn reedining1 9/666(7b ea ysea1r8 6w3a)s1 .08%. This cmoprisde 00.9c%ru renitnb ree,0d i9.n5gl%o gn-rtmei bnreeidn,ga nd 07.6s%rt aiinbn reedinTgh.ei ndoexfs budviiisocn alcudl farmto tehe nonu-rcreanntdl ontgre-mi bnrenegdi is1 7.9i,n dincgat thiatth eries onlya silghttne dentcwoya drsf mailfyom artionin t hbe re.e d Thee fcftevieg neertaiolne ngitsah p pxrioamtye 5l6. yeras. About 5-056o%f t haen iamlsi nt h1e6 96/s6ma7pl ew eres riebdy b ul4l yse asr olodr y onugre,w hilaeb outa r3e8 %mf draom4s y earorsy ouenr.g Iti su nkleiyl thta theirsem ucghe nteci viaarotnib etween hedrs. Thiissb eucasbeu llsf ormm aojrb reersd'h eersd are used widye tlhorugohutthe breewdh ilaeb otu 80 cpeetnr ofs iraensd p3e7r cenotfd masa rber eidn rhdeosh ter thatnh oen ei nw hicthh ewye re used. V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -The authorw ishest o thank mosts incerelhyi s supervisor, ProfessoAr .L.Ra e for his invaluablaes sistancaned guidance throughoutt hiss tudy and for helpfulc riticisimn the pre­ parationo f thist hesis. Appreciatioins alsoe xpressedt o Mr A.B.P leasants for his advicei n computingm atters.T he authori s alsogr ateful to Ms RaynorE wartf or typing thism anuscript. "Leownnt ciofnesstehda etah c yeahre l ectures on birened,iandng eacyhe ahrer easleitsh ta .hed oensot yecto pmleltyue dnesratdn it." BrucWeal lcae,1 96. 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter � ABSTRACT iii ACKNOWLEWEMENTS V LITS OFT ABLES ix LISTO FF IGURES xi LISTO FA PPENDICES xii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BREEDEXP A NSION 4 3 REVIEitl OFL ITERATURE 7 I. THE MEAS UREMENT OFI NBREEDINSGOME: THEORETICAL CONISDERATIONS 7 II. ALTERANTIVAPEP ROACHEST OI NBREEDING 12 III. COEFFICIENTSO FR ELATNISOHIP 17 · A. Relationshicpo efficientbse tweenc ollateral 18 relatives B. 18 Directr elationships IV. THE MEASURE!1E.NTO FI NBREEDIINNGC OMPLEXP EDIGREES 19 V. THE EFFECTOSFI NBREEDING 23 A. Evidenceo f inbreedindge pressioinn farm animals 24 B. Explanations of inbreedindge pressioannd hybrid 27 vigour VI. STUDIEOSF G ENETIC CHANGESI NL IVESTOCKP OPUATLIONS 29 4 METHODS AND MATERIALS 33 I. METHODS 33 II. DATA 37 ' I Chpater � 5 40 GENEriC ANALYSIS I. THE INFLUENCE OF IMPORTATIONS 40 48 II . AMOUNTO F INBREEDING 56 I II. HOMOGENEITY OF THE BREED 65 IV. GENERATION LENGTH 75 V. ll1PORTANT HERDS Getniecco ntriobfui tmipoonrh teanrtd s 83 A. Imporatnianmta ls 87 B. 6 93 BREEDS TRUCTURE 7 99 REGIS·rRATIOPNR ACTICES 110 I. HERD SIZE 150 I I. THE USE OF IMPO RTED STOCKB Y NEW-ZEALAND HERDS I II. THE USE OF BULLS FROM PROMINENTN EW ZEAL.ANDHE RDS 170 101 IV. HERD DDRATION 8 131 DISCUSSION 122 BIBLIOGRPAHY ix LIST TABLES OF Table � 2.1 Porpoorntaiitnec reianns umebesr o ff emarleiegss tered per andn umbeorf h erddrusi nsgve epne rioofd s annum ti.m e 6 3·3 Theef feocfit nr beiendogn b dyo-wieghta nmdi lykil ed. 25 3·4 Ibnrdeienangd s ubdsiinvoo ift hpeu rbeer esdo fl ievsotkc. 30 Porprotioofnt hree igsrtatiionnlcusd iende acsham p.l e 39 Numebsro fA ngcQast tiplmreot eidn to ZeNaelwdan rudi ng ten-ypeeiarosrdf ro1m683 t o1 795. 42 �ngiumsp ort1a6t83i-9o167nd sit sriebdua tccortdoi ng couyno tfro riingan dy eaorfe nyti rntNoe Zwe al.an d 43 53. Theef feocftt h dei ffeirmepnotr toantt ihobeenr sea dt teynae rliyn rtvesal. 44 5-4 Theex ntteo fc urriebnnrtede inigne itghs malpey ears fotrh Nee Zwae lanpde idrgeAen Qg.s 49 55- Extenotf c urriebnnrtde ienigno htecra ttblerees d. 51 5.6 Amounotf ttaioln beridenign e ighstam plyee afrostr h e peidgreeA nguisn N eZwe al.an d 53 5-7 Inetr rseel oantsihanidpn on-cuirnrebeerndt,i s nugbdivided intloog- nterman ds rtaiinn bdrieneigne ighsta l�epy ears fotrh Nee Z}'lae lap.eniddgr eAen ug.s 58 Contribbuyit pmioorntasen dis m alttohn eo cnu-rrent ibnerdeinangd i ntseerr elantsihtoiipe isnt hNee Zwe aland peidgreAen gu.s 62 5.9 Numbero fi nrt esree lathiitopin secsnot ruitbebdy �he sevmesonto fnta epperainigm ptoerandi maanldst hteh er e mosotf taeppnae riNnegZw ae lanhde ridnse ighstam pel yeafrostr h Nee Zwe alpanedid greeAn gus. 5.0 1 Avreaglene gtohfi nrtveablew teegne nernas.t io 5.11Pa rent-oifnftsaepslrvran idna gv ergaegneae triloengn th fopre idgreAen gcuast tilnNe e Zwe laand. 67 5.2 1 Difrfeeenscb ewteetnh vea oruipsra enftf-sopriinntagesl rv yearfsotrh Nee Zwae lapnedid greAen gus. 72 ( )