VIETNAM’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER DOI MOI The ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute (formerly Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) is an autonomous organization established in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security, and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are grouped under Regional Economic Studies (RES), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). The Institute is also home to the ASEAN Studies Centre (ASC), the Nalanda-Sriwijaya Centre (NSC), and the Singapore APEC Study Centre. ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. VIETNAM’S FOREIGN POLICY UNDER DOI MOI Edited by Le Hong Hiep & Anton Tsvetov First published in Singapore in 2018 by ISEAS Publishing 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg> All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute. © 2018 ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute, Singapore The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the publisher or its supporters. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Vietnam’s Foreign Policy under Doi Moi / edited by Le Hong Hiep and Anton Tsvetov. 1. Vietnam—Foreign relations—20th century. 2. Vietnam—Foreign relations—21st century. 3. ASEAN—Membership. 4. Vietnam—Foreign relations—South China Sea. 5. South China Sea—Foreign relations—Vietnam. 6. Vietnam—Foreign economic relations—European Union countries. 7. European Union countries—Foreign economic relations—Vietnam. I. Le, Hong Hiep, editor. II. Tsvetov, Anton, editor. DS556.57 V661 January 2018 ISBN 978-981-4818-14-8 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-4818-15-5 (E-book PDF) Typeset by International Typesetters Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xii About the Contributors xiii PART 1: AnALYTICAL AnD HISToRICAL FRAmEwoRk 1. Introduction: The Making of Vietnam’s Foreign Policy 3 under Doi Moi Le Hong Hiep 2. The Evolution of Vietnamese Diplomacy, 1986–2016 23 Carlyle A. Thayer PART II: BILATERAL RELATIonSHIPS 3. The Evolution of Strategic Trust in Vietnam–U.S. 47 Relations Phuong Nguyen 4. The 2014 Oil Rig Crisis and its Implications for 72 Vietnam–China Relations Nguyen Thanh Trung and Truong-Minh Vu vi Contents 5. Vietnam–Japan Relations: Moving beyond Economic 96 Cooperation? Thuy T. Do and Julia Luong Dinh 6. The Reinvigoration of India–Vietnam Partnership under 117 Prime Minister Modi Rajeev Ranjan Chaturvedy 7. Vietnam–Russia Relations: Glorious Past, Uncertain Future 141 Anton Tsvetov 8. Vietnam’s Foreign Policy Towards its Smaller Neighbours 166 Vannarith Chheang 9. Vietnam’s Decision to Join ASEAN: The South China Sea 186 Disputes Connection Nguyen Vu Tung and Dang Cam Tu PART III: mAJoR FoREIGn PoLICY ISSUES 10. Vietnam’s South China Sea Strategy since 2007 211 Ha Anh Tuan 11. Vietnam’s International Economic Integration under 235 Doi Moi To Minh Thu 12. Norm Diffusion through Trade: The Case of the 260 EU–Vietnam Free Trade Agreement Hoang Hai Ha Index 281 List of tabLes 4.1 Exchange of High-Level Visits between Vietnam and the 83 United States, Japan, Indiaand Russia, May 2014–May 2017 4.2 Major Additions to Vietnam’s Naval Capabilities, mid-2014 87 to mid-2017 4.3 Vietnam Coast Guard’s Major Acquisitions, mid-2014 to 88 mid-2017 7.1 Bilateral Official Visits by Heads of State/Party Leaders of 150 Vietnam and Russia, 2001–11 10.1 Major Engagement Mechanisms between Vietnam 220 and China 11.1 Major Developments in the CPV’s Thinking on 243 International Economic Integration, 1986–2016 11.2 Vietnam’s FTAs and Their Status, September 2017 245 11.3 Trade and Investment in Vietnam, 1986–2015 247 11.4 Vietnam’s Exports and Imports Distribution by 248 Country/Region, 1986–2015 11.5 Regional Comparison of Selected Trade Indicators 249 vii List of figures 5.1 Exchange of High-Level Visits between Vietnam and the 109 United States, Japan, Indiaand Russia, May 2014–May 2017 7.1 Bilateral Official Visits by Heads of State/Party Leaders of 146 Vietnam and Russia, 2001–11 7.2 Major Engagement Mechanisms between Vietnam 151 and China 7.3 Major Developments in the CPV’s Thinking on 154 International Economic Integration, 1986–2016 11.1 Vietnam’s FTAs and Their Status, September 2017 246 12.1 Trade and Investment in Vietnam, 1986–2015 264 viii List of abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ADMM ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting AEC ASEAN Economic Community AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Agreement AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AMF ASEAN Maritime Forum AMM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting ARF ASEAN Regional Forum APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEM Asia Europe Meeting ASW anti-submarine warfare BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Scientific, Technological and Economic Cooperation BJP Bharatiya Janata Party BRI Belt and Road Initiative BTA Bilateral Trade Agreement CNRP Cambodia National Rescue Party CPP Cambodian People’s Party CPV Communist Party of Vietnam CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies ix