VICTORIAN MUSLIM JAMIE GILHAM RON GEAVES (Eds) Victorian Muslim Abdullah Quilliam and Islam in the West A A Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Copyright © Jamie Gilham and Ron Geaves 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Jamie Gilham and Ron Geaves. Victorian Muslim: Abdullah Quilliam and Islam in the West. ISBN: 9780190688349 Printed in India on acid-free paper CONTENTS Glossary vii Abbreviations xi Note on Quotations and Spelling xiii Contributors xv Preface Humayun Ansari xix Introduction Jamie Gilham and Ron Geaves 1 1. Abdullah Quilliam: A Muslim Revolutionary Socialist? Mohammad Siddique Seddon 7 2. Abdullah Quilliam and the Rise of International Esoteric- Masonic Islamophilia Patrick D. Bowen 25 3. The Significance of Abdullah Quilliam’s Literary Output Ron Geaves 41 4. ‘Fairer to the Ladies’ and of Benefit to the Nation: Abdullah Quilliam on Reforming English Society by Islamising Gender Relationships Diane Robinson-Dunn 57 5. Abdullah Quilliam, Marmaduke Pickthall and the Politics of Christendom and the Ottoman Empire Geoffrey Nash 79 6. Abdullah Quilliam, First and Last ‘Sheikh-ul-Islam of the British Isles’ Jamie Gilham 97 7. Abdullah Quilliam’s International Influence: America, West Africa and Beyond Brent D. Singleton 113 v CONTENTS 8. Preachers, Patriots and Islamists: Contemporary British Muslims and the Afterlives of Abdullah Quilliam Yahya Birt 133 Notes 151 Bibliography 189 Index 207 vi GLOSSARY Adhan Muslim call to prayer ‘Alim Learned man; religious scholar of Islamic law and jurisprudence (singular of ‘ulama) Amir Title given to a military commander, governor or prince; leader Ayat Plural of ayah, or verse within a chapter of the Qur’an Baraka Lit. ‘blessing’ Caliph Lit. ‘leader of the faithful’ Dar al-Islam Lit. ‘abode of Islam’, territory that is under Islamic law or the geographical domain of Muslim faith and practice Da‘wa Lit. ‘call’ or ‘invitation’ to Islam Dhimmah Religious minority under Muslim rule Du‘a Free prayer, as opposed to the obligatory five daily ritual prayers Eid Muslim religious festival Fatwa Religious edict (plural: fatawa) Fiqh Lit. ‘understanding’; Islamic jurisprudence, the personal understanding of a scholar organised into a disciplined body of knowledge achieved by deduction Hadith Report of the sayings/doings of the Prophet Muhammad Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca; the fifth ‘pillar’ of Islam vii GLOSSARY Hajji Prenominal title given to male Muslims who make the hajj Harem Women’s quarters Hudud The part of shari‘a law that deals with criminal law, with punishments including theft, adultery and apostasy Imam Religious leader Insh’Allah A commonly used phrase, meaning ‘By the will of God’ Jihad Lit., ‘striving’ or ‘struggle’; the greater jihad is considered to be the struggle to overcome inner personal weakness, whereas armed struggle or ‘holy’ war is the lesser jihad Juma namaz Friday prayer Koola-izzat Hat of honour Lascar Maritime worker from South Asia and the Arab world Li-lah ‘For God’ Masjid Lit. ‘a place of prostration’; an alternative title for a mosque or place of worship Maulana Title for a religious scholar Mu‘min Believer; a person who has complete submission to the will of God Murid Follower or disciple of a Sufi master Nawab ‘Prince’; Muslim nobleman/regional governor Sadaqah A good deed or voluntary payment of charity Sadaqah al-jaariyah An endowment, lit., ‘charity in continuance’ Salat Worship/prayer; the second ‘pillar’ of Islam Shahada Islamic testimony of faith, the first of five ‘pillars’ of Islam Shari‘a Islamic law Sharif ‘Nobleman’, chief Shaykh Tribal chief or religious leader; spiritual master in the Sufi tradition Shaykh al-Islam Effectively authority on Islam and leader of Muslims Sufi Follower of Sufism, or Islamic mysticism viii