Veterinary Allergy In memory of my dear colleague and friend Stefano Toma, who is greatly missed. (CN) I dedicate this book to Susan Shaw in recognition of her great enthusiasm and ability to share with me, as for many vets, her considerable knowledge and understanding of veterinary medicine and dermatology. (AF) To my cherished friend and mentor, Peter Ihrke, who first introduced me to this wonderful specialty and continues to be an inspiration to all. (WR) Veterinary Allergy Edited by Chiara Noli (canine) (Italy) Aiden Foster (feline, large animals, exotics) (UK) Wayne Rosenkrantz (equine) (USA) This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veterinary allergy / edited by Chiara Noli, Aiden Foster, Wayne Rosenkrantz. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67241-9 (pbk. : alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-118-73881-8 – ISBN 978-1-118-73889-4 (epub) – ISBN 978-1-118-73890-0 (emobi) – ISBN 978-1-118-73891-7 (epdf) 1. Allergy in dogs. 2. Allergy in cats. 3. Allergy in animals. I. Noli, Chiara, editor of compilation. II. Foster, Aiden P., editor of compilation. III. Rosenkrantz, Wayne, editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Hypersensitivity–veterinary. 2. Allergens–immunology. 3. Dermatitis– veterinary. 4. Immune System Diseases–veterinary. 5. Veterinary Medicine–methods. SF 757.2] SF992.A44V48 2014 636.089'6975–dc23 2013026498 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover images: dog and horse – courtesy of Wayne Rosenkrantz; alpaca – courtesy of Natalie Jewell and the AHVLA library, Crown Copyright 2013; cat – courtesy of Karen Clifford; centre image – courtesy of Valerie A. Fadok Cover design by Steve Thompson Set in 10.5/12.5 pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong 1 2014 Contents Acknowledgments viii 9 Clinical signs of canine atopic dermatitis 65 Contributors ix Claude Favrot Foreword xiii 10 Diagnosis of canine atopic dermatitis 70 Richard E.W. Halliwell Craig E. Griffin Introduction: the immunological 11 Allergen avoidance 78 basis of allergic diseases xv Daniel O. Morris Michael J. Day 12 Allergen-specific immunotherapy 85 Part 1 – Canine Allergy Ralf S. Mueller (Editor: Chiara Noli) 1 13 Guidelines for symptomatic medical Section 1 – Canine Atopic Dermatitis 3 treatment of canine atopic dermatitis 90 Douglas J. DeBoer 1 Introduction: canine atopic dermatitis as an evolving, multifactorial disease 5 14 Non-conventional treatments 96 Douglas J. DeBoer Ralf S. Mueller 2 Canine immunoglobulin E 8 Section 2 – Food Hypersensitivity 101 Bruce Hammerberg 15 The pathogenesis of food allergy 103 3 The aberrant immune system in Hilary A. Jackson atopic dermatitis 16 Rosanna Marsella 16 Cutaneous manifestations of food hypersensitivity 108 4 Allergens and environmental influence 24 Didier N. Carlotti Pascal Prélaud 17 Adverse reactions to food: a 5 The genetics of canine atopic gastroenterologist’s perspective 115 dermatitis 32 Paola Gianella Tim Nuttall 6 Skin barrier and its role in the 18 Diagnostic workup of food pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis 42 hypersensitivity 119 Koji Nishifuji Edmund J. Rosser Jr 7 The role of bacterial agents in the 19 Long-term management of food pathogenesis of canine atopic hypersensitivity in the dog 124 dermatitis 51 Nick J. Cave David H. Lloyd Section 3 – Flea Bite Allergy 133 8 The role of fungal agents in atopic dermatitis 58 20 Flea biology and ecology 135 Ross Bond Marie-Christine Cadiergues v vi Contents 21 The pathogenesis of flea bite 33 Complications of cutaneous skin allergy in dogs 140 allergies (skin infections) 217 Richard E.W. Halliwell Laura Ordeix 22 Clinical signs of flea allergy 34 Diagnostic investigation of the allergic dermatitis in dogs 145 feline 223 Emmanuel Bensignor William E. Oldenhoff and Karen A. Moriello 23 Diagnostic investigation of canine flea bite allergy 149 35 Symptomatic treatments 228 Dawn Logas Alison B. Diesel 24 Implementing an effective flea 36 Allergen-specific immunotherapy 234 control programme 152 Alison B. Diesel Michael W. Dryden Section 2 – Feline Asthma 237 25 Symptomatic relief for canine flea bite hypersensitivity 158 37 Feline asthma 239 Dawn Logas Carol R. Reinero Section 4 – Complicating Infections in Allergic Dogs 161 Section 3 – Flea Bite Allergy 247 26 Complicating microbial skin 38 Pathogenesis 249 infections in allergic dogs 163 Ross Bond Anette Loeffler 39 Clinical presentations 252 27 Otitis in the allergic dog 175 Dawn Logas James O. Noxon 40 Diagnostic workup 255 Section 5 – Other Allergic Diseases Dawn Logas in Dogs 183 41 Therapy 259 28 Contact allergy 185 Marie-Christine Cadiergues Rosanna Marsella Section 4 – Mosquito Bite Allergy 265 29 Venomous insect hypersensitivity 191 Mona J. Boord 42 Mosquito bite 267 Masahiko Nagata 30 Canine urticaria and angioedema 195 Peter Hill Part 3 – Equine Allergy Part 2 – Feline Allergy (Editor: Wayne Rosenkrantz) 271 (Editor: Aiden Foster) 201 Section 1 – Culicoides Hypersensitivity Section 1 – Cutaneous Allergy in Cats 203 and Other Insect Allergies 273 31 Pathogenesis—immunopathogenesis 205 Petra J. Roosje 43 Pathogenesis and epidemiology of Culicoides hypersensitivity 275 32 Clinical presentations and specificity Bettina Wagner of feline manifestations of cutaneous allergies 211 44 Equine immunoglobulin E 279 Claude Favrot Eliane Marti and Eman Hamza Contents vii 45 Clinical manifestations of Culicoides Section 3 – Recurrent Airway hypersensitivity 287 Obstruction and Inflammatory Janet D. Littlewood Airway Disease 371 46 Culicoides hypersensitivity: 55 Recurrent airway obstruction and diagnosis 291 inflammatory airway disease 373 Kerstin Bergvall Vinzenz Gerber 47 Culicoides hypersensitivity: therapy 297 Section 4 – Contact and Other Anthony A. Yu Allergic Diseases 385 48 Other biting insect allergies 307 56 Equine allergic contact dermatitis 387 Gwendolen Lorch Chris Reeder and Joya Griffin Section 2 – Atopic Disease in Horses—Atopic Dermatitis and Part 4 – Allergy in Other Food Hypersensitivity 327 Domestic Species (Editor: Aiden Foster) 395 49 Equine atopic dermatitis: pathogenesis 329 Valerie A. Fadok 57 Immunopathogenesis of allergic skin disease in livestock 397 50 Clinical aspects of equine atopic Adri van den Broek disease 334 Wayne Rosenkrantz and 58 Psoroptes ovis 402 Stephen White Adri van den Broek and Stewart T.G. Burgess 51 Equine urticaria 338 Valerie A. Fadok 59 Allergic diseases of livestock species 411 52 Equine headshaking syndrome 344 Aiden P. Foster Harold C. Schott II and Annette D. Petersen 60 Allergies in birds 422 Claudia S. Nett-Mettler 53 Diagnostic workup of equine atopic disease 353 61 Allergic diseases in other pets Wayne Rosenkrantz and (rodents, rabbits, and ferrets) 428 Stephen White Ian Sayers 54 Equine atopic disease symptomatic Index 433 therapy and allergen-specific immunotherapy 360 Wayne Rosenkrantz and Stephen White Acknowledgments We are grateful to Wiley for taking on this publishing chapters and agree to revisions and changes. Inevitably project and for bringing it to fruition so quickly and the editing has taken us away from our families and efficiently. We are particularly grateful to Rupert everyday work, and we are grateful to our spouses for Cousens, Jessica Evans and Nancy Turner for setting up their support and understanding and to our colleagues and running the project; to Elizabeth Paul and Ruth for their patience and advice. Swan for sorting out the production issues including It has taken three years to bring the original concept copyediting and typesetting. to print, and we hope that readers will find this book A book project of this size is time consuming for useful; as editors it has been an enjoyable learning all concerned and as editors we have been delighted at experience, working together and with the authors. the speed and enthusiasm of authors to provide their viii