List of Contributors A. BETTS EDOUARD KURSTAK K. BÖGEL WAYNE D. LANCASTER ROBERT A. CRANDELL J. B. McFERRAN DONALD P. GUSTAFSON V. N. MILOUCHINE LYLE E. HANSON CARL OLSON WILLIAM R. HESS PETER TIJSSEN RICHARD H. KIMBERLIN DEOKI N. TRIPATHY Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases Volume HI VERTEBRATE ANIMAL AND RELATED VIRUSES PART A—DNA Viruses Edited by EDOUARD KURSTAK Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Comparée Faculté de Médecine Université de Montréal Montréal, Canada and CHRISTINE KURSTAK Laboratoire de Diagnostic des Maladies Virales Hôtel-Dieu de Montréal Université de Montréal Montréal, Canada Υ^) 1981 ACADEMIC PRESS A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers New York London Toronto Sydney San Francisco COPYRIGHT © 1981, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Vertebrate animal ana related viruses. (Comparative diagnosis of viral diseases; v. 3-4) Includes bibliographies and index. Contents: pt. A. DNA viruses.--pt. B. RNA viruses. 1. Virus diseases. 2. Vertebrates—Diseases. 3. Viruses, RNA. I. Kurstak, Edouard. II. Kurstak, Christine. III. Series. [DNLM: WC 500 C737 1977] QR302.V47 636.089'60194 81-7951 ISBN 0-12-429703-X (v. 3, pt. A) AACR2 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81 82 83 84 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. A. BETTS (393), Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, NW1 OTU, England K. BÖGEL (393), Veterinary Public Health, Division of Communicable Diseases, The World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland ROBERT A. CRANDELL1 (267), Laboratories of Veterinary Diagnostic Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 DONALD P. GUSTAFSON (205), Department of Microbiology, Pathology, and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 LYLE E. HANSON (267), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 71801 WILLIAM R. HESS (169), Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944 RICHARD H. KIMBERLIN (349), Agriculture Research Council, Institute for Re­ search on Animal Diseases, Compton, Near Newbury, Berks RG16 ONN England EDOUARD KURSTAK (3), Groupe de Recherche en Virologie Comparée, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada WAYNE D. LANCASTER (69), Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryn- gology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106 J. B. MCFERRAN (101), Department of Agriculture, Veterinary Research Lab­ oratory, Stormont, Belfast, Northern Ireland V. N. MlLOUCHlNE2 (393), Veterinary Public Health, Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland PRESENT ADDRESS: Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Drawer 3040, College Station, Texas 77840. 2PRESENT ADDRESS: Scientific Secretary, Institute for Viral Preparations, I-st Dubrovskaya 15, 109088 Moscow, Zh-88, USSR. IX X List of Contributors CARL OLSON (69), Department of Veterinary Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 PETER TIJSSEN (3), Comparative Virology Research Group, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3J7 DEOKI N. TRIPATHY (267), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illi­ nois, Urbana, Illinois 71801 Preface The first two volumes of the treatise, Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Dis eases: Human and Related Viruses, demonstrated the value of and interest in a comparative way of looking at virus infections. The unifying concept of compar­ ative virology, on which this multivolume work is based, is not only well accepted but is of increasing value in basic research, diagnosis, control, and prevention of viral diseases. Although treatises on fundamental comparative virology are now available, it is notable that among the books devoted to the diagnosis and control of viral infections, only the volumes of this series are based on a comparative approach. A comparative approach is essential for several groups of viruses infecting ani­ mals and man. It is well known that it is difficult to diagnose specifically and rapidly numerous viral diseases without considering the comparative biological, genetic, serological, and physicochemical properties of viruses involved. This treatise demonstrates that comparison of and discrimination among viruses, ac­ cording to the criteria of classification of the International Committee on Taxon­ omy of Viruses and to the diseases caused by these viruses irrespective of the species involved, are essential for their diagnosis and prevention. The third and fourth volumes of Comparative Diagnosis of Viral Diseases are devoted to vertebrate animal and related viruses. Volume III was conceived to cover in separate chapters the infections caused by each DNA virus family, including slow viruses diseases, as well as the system of Virus Information of the World Health Organization. Volume IV covers all RNA virus families inducing diseases in vertebrate animals. These volumes give a comparative description of the principal physicochemical, molecular, structural, genetic, immunological, and biological characteristics of viruses implicated in various diseases, mainly of veterinary importance. With this new concept of comparative diagnosis, the symptoms and the evolution of the diseases are described in detail, as well as the modern methodology for their rapid and specific diagnosis, control, and prevention. In this respect, Volumes III and IV will interest all virologists and immunologists working in the area of diagnosis and control of animal virus diseases. These two volumes are addressed particulary to the professionals of veterinary sciences working both in the field and in the laboratory and to students of veterinary schools. Since numerous XI Xll Preface animal viruses also can cause severe diseases in man, these volumes are also of interest to all clinical virologists and immunologists, to the professionals of public health, and to research workers. The artificial division between the dis­ eases of man and animal is discarded in the present treatise. Each of the contributors to this treatise is well known for expertise in his or her field; each has prepared a thoughtful and well-documented treatment of his or her subject. Personal interpretations and conclusions of the authors, as well as the numerous illustrations and previously unpublished material, provide a large body of information that brings into sharp focus current findings and new directions in the comparative diagnosis and prevention of viral diseases. It is our hope that Volumes III and IV of this treatise will provide for all concerned a useful tool with which to combat viral diseases; but it should be especially useful for diagnostic and control centers of animal infectious diseases and for schools of veterinary sciences. These volumes should also serve the needs of veterinary virologists in developing countries where very important economic losses, caused by viruses infecting food-producing animals, are directly responsible for the limited development of human society. The Second International Conference on the Impact of the Virus Diseases on the Development of African and Middle-East Countries, recently held in Nai­ robi, Kenya, and organized by the International Comparative Virology Organiza­ tion (ICVO) together with several co-sponsors, concluded that the mortgaging of the world's capacity to produce sufficient food is a result of insufficient interest or effort in the control of viral diseases of animals. There is not a single country exempt from losses due to animal virus infections. These economic losses, especially in developing countries, are estimated at billions of dollars. In the Third World, the substantial reduction in livestock productivity due to virus diseases is directly related to its development. Thus, the continued development of African, Asian, and Latin American countries depends on increasing livestock production to meet the nutritional needs of their population and for bolstering local economic conditions through the exportation of meat and animal products. It is obvious that an international program to control and prevent viral diseases through the creation in the Third World of virology centers, devoted to the formation of virologists and to the rapid diagnosis and control of infections, is an urgent and imperative necessity. The editors of this volume, published under the advisory sponsorship of ICVO, wish to express their sincere gratitude to the contributors for the effort and care with which they have prepared their chapters. Thanks are due to Professors R. F. Marsh, F. A. Murphy, and H. Graham Purchase for their valuable advice; and last, but not least, to the staff of Academic Press for their part in the publication of this treatise. EDOUARD KURSTAK CHRISTINE KURSTAK Contents of Other Volumes Volume I HUMAN AND RELATED VIRUSES, Part A Classification of Human and Related Viruses EDOUARD KURSTAK Part I DNA Viruses Parvoviruses. Possible Implications in Human Infections E. KURSTAK AND P. TlJSSEN Implication of Papovaviruses in Human Diseases SILVIA D. GARDNER Adenoviruses: Diagnosis of Infections PATRICIA E. TAYLOR Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex, Varicella, and Zoster Infections ARIEL C. HOLLINSHEAD AND JOHN J. DOCHERTY Comparative Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Diseases: Infectious Mononucleosis, Burkitt's Lymphoma, and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma GUY DE THÉ AND GILBERT LENOIR Comparative Diagnosis of Cytomegaloviruses: New Approach ENG-SHANG HUANG AND JOSEPH S. PAGANO Comparative Diagnosis of Poxvirus Diseases JAMES H. NAKANO Part II RNA Viruses Comparative Diagnosis of Picornavirus (Enterovirus and Rhinovirus) Infections R. GORDON DOUGLAS, JR. Diagnosis of Reovirus Infections: Comparative Aspects NEVILLE F. STANLEY Rotaviruses: Clinical Observations and Diagnosis of Gastroenteritis PETER J. MIDDLETON Xlll XIV Contents of Other Volumes Orthomyxovirus—Influenza: Comparative Diagnosis Unifying Concept W. R. DOWDLE, G. R. NOBLE, AND A. P. KENDAL Paramyxoviruses: Comparative Diagnosis of Parainfluenza, Mumps, Measles, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections ANDREW E. KELEN AND D. ANGUS MCLEOD Coronaviruses as Causes of Diseases: Clinical Observation and Diagnosis KENNETH MCINTOSH Comparative Diagnosis of Togavirus and Bunyavirus Infections TELFORD H. WORK AND MARTINE JOZAN Rubella Virus Infection Diagnosis: Present Status A. J. RODES, N. R. PAUL, AND S. IWAKATA Arenaviruses: Diagnosis of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis, Lassa, and Other Arenaviral Infections FREDERICK A. MURPHY Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses T. J. WIKTOR AND M. A. W. HATTWICK Volume II HUMAN AND RELATED VIRUSES, Part B Part I Unclassified Viruses Marburg Virus Disease HERTA WULFF AND J. LYLE CONRAD Diagnosis of Hepatitis Viral Infections ARIE J. ZUCKERMAN AND COLIN R. HOWARD Slow Virus Infections: Comparative Aspects and Diagnosis RICHARD F. MARSH Part II Cancer Viruses Human Proliferative Diseases and Viruses GABRIEL SEMAN AND LEON DMOCHOWSKI Part III Control of Viral Diseases: Vaccines and Chemotherapy Control of Viral Diseases by Vaccines J. FURESZ, D. W. BOUCHER, AND G. CONTRERAS Chemotherapy of Viral Diseases: Present Status and Future Prospects GEORGE J. GALASSO AND FRED J. PAYNE Part IV Virus Information System The World Health Organization Virus Information System FAKHRY ASSAAD AND PAUL BRÈS Contents of Other Volumes Part V Diagnostic Reagents and Newer Methods Viral Diagnostic Reagents JOHN R. POLLEY Immunoperoxidase Technique in Diagnosis Virology and Research: Principles and Applications E. KURSTAK, P. TlJSSEN, AND C. KURSTAK Enzyme Immunoassays and Their Potential in Diagnostic Virology A. VOLLER AND D.E. BIDWELL Radioimmunoassay in Viral Diagnosis HARRY DAUGHARTY AND DONALD W. ZIEGLER Cytohybridization Techniques in Virology P. TlJSSEN AND E. KURSTAK Electron and Immunoelectron Microscopic Procedures for Diagnosis of Viral Infections FRANCES W. DOANE AND NAN ANDERSON Volume IV VERTEBRATE ANIMAL AND RELATED VIRUSES, Part B-RNA Viruses Part I Picornaviridae Picornaviruses of Animals: Clinical Observations and Diagnosis ARTHUR A. ANDERSEN Part II Reoviridae Reoviridae: Orbivirus and Reovirus Infections of Mammals and Birds NEVILLE F. STANLEY Animal Rotaviruses E. KURSTAK, C. KURSTAK, J. VAN DEN HURK, AND R. MORISSET Part III Orthomyxoviridae Influenza Infections in Lower Mammals and Birds G. C. SCHILD Part IV Paramyxoviridae Paramyxovirus and Pneumovirus Diseases of Animals and Birds: Comparative Aspects and Diagnosis GLYNNH. FRANK Morbillivirus Diseases of Animals and Man MAX J. G. APPEL, E. P. J. GIBBS, SAM J. MARTIN, VOLKER TER MEULEN, BERT K. RIMA, JOHN R. STEPHEN SON, AND WILLIAM P. TAYLOR