TECHNICAL NOTE VERENA INVESTMENT TOOL: VALUING REFORESTATION WITH NATIVE TREE SPECIES AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS AUTHORS: ALAN BATISTA; ALEXANDRE PRADO; CLAUDIO PONTES; MARCELO MATSUMOTO EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Is reforestation with native tree species and Agroforestry CONTENTS Systems a viable business? The great challenge faced Executive Summary ..........................................................................................1 by reforestation with native Brazilian tree species, agroforestry systems and restoration lies in moving 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................2 from the pilot project phase to a larger scale, and then 2. Methodology ....................................................................................................4 to mainstreaming. To answer this question, we turn 2.1 Source of information .......................................................................4 to the global capital market. There is a risk and return 2.2 Why valuation and how is performed ...............................5 track record of more than 100 years for several asset classes and publicly traded companies. Moreover, it is 2.3 The Model .................................................................................................7 possible to find and produce information on how these 2.4 Model Description ..............................................................................8 various asset classes correlate with each other, with 1. General Information ..............................................................................9 economy and inflation, that is, the level of information 2. Costs & Revenues ................................................................................16 is large enough for investment decision making given its profile risk and return. Although native Brazilian tree 3. Externalities and other incentives – New Streams species have existed for thousands of years, and despite of Revenues from the Natural Capital. ................................22 some good commercial experience with them, we have 4. Simulation ..................................................................................................25 no history of this asset class from the capital market 5 Track Record ............................................................................................33 standpoint. In this way, building the ongoing business 6 Reports .........................................................................................................36 cases in Brazil with native trees and agroforestry systems is fundamental to create this track record and 3. Final Remarks and Conclusion .......................................................37 make it possible for reforestation with native species and agroforestry systems to gain scale and reduce risk perception. WRI Technical Notes document methodology underpinning research publications, interactive This technical note presents the Economic Valuation applications, and other tools. of Reforestation with Native Species (VERENA) tool, a model framework based on 12 investment cases developed by WRI Brasil in partnership with UICN Brazil and contribution of several organizations and Suggested Citation: Batista, A., Prado, A., Pontes, C., Matsumoto, M,. 2017. “VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing colleagues. The goal of the VERENA Project is to fill Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry the gap of knowledge on reforestation and agroforestry Systems”. Technical Note. São Paulo, Brasil: WRI Brasil. systems and assess returns on investments and Available online at: www.wri.org/publication/verena- investment-tool. other relevant information, in order to better inform investors, policy makers and analysts interested in using TECHNICAL NOTE | DECEMBER 2017 | 1 VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems native species and agroforestry systems for economic 1. INTRODUCTION use. The Verena tool was developed with the support One of the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate of several partners and audited by Amplix apps for Change in 2015 was to drive ambitious efforts to limit business. The use of this tool may help to mainstream the average global temperature increase to 2.0°C by risk-adjusted returns investments into forest restoration the end of this century. It is now more important and reforestation projects. The target users of the than ever to capture carbon and reduce emissions VERENA valuation tool are investment analysts, land through reforestation of degraded lands and forests, owners, financial institutions, and policy makers. The to move towards low carbon agriculture, and to reduce model allows for the assessment of returns from any deforestation and forest degradation. These are kind of biological asset, such as the reforestation with among the most cost-effective ways to mitigate global single or multiple native species and agroforestry warmingi;ii; while ensuring biodiversity conservation, systems with different combinations of tree species and provision of environmental services, and jobs and permanent and annual crops. income opportunities. Given this context, the time to act on this agenda is now. This technical note is organized in three main parts: (a) introduction and main concepts, (b) methodology with The Economic Valuation of Reforestation with Native the structure, the input data sources, model simulation Species (VERENA - “Valorização Econômica do and main results, and (c) Final remarks and conclusion. Reflorestamento com Espécies Nativas”1) project aims to increase the scale and promote reforestation with native species and agroforestry systems, as one of the most cost-effective and short-term solutions to address climate change mitigation and adaptation. The VERENA project analyzes business opportunities with native tree species and agroforestry systems (AFS) in Brazil to create a portfolio of attractive economic models for investors. Institutional investments in mainstream reforestation today represent an industry of US$ 100iii billion in the US and US$ 35 billion in Brazil. Despite the size of the mainstream reforestation industry, investment with native tree species is close to “zero”. According to FAOiv data, of the 4 billion hectares of forests that cover 1/3 of the world’s land area, only 264 million hectares are planted forests. To meet the growing demand for timber, 100 million hectares of forest plantations may be needed by the year of 2050, resulting in 2 billion cubic meters more than current production of 1.5 billion cubic meters per year. These figures are based on business as usual, with growth in demand for wood of 1.5% per year. In a low carbon economy scenario with replacement of the products of fossil originv by wood, the growth may reach 4% per year, totaling a demand for wood of 10 billion m³ per year in 2050vi. The demand for tropical tree species still faces a great uncertainty on the demand side due to the illegal commercialization of wood. It is estimated that 50% of tropical timber traded in the world comes from illegal origin, and in the Brazilian Amazon can reach 70%. Estimates of timber production in the Amazon according to the Brazilian Forest Servicevii is 13 million m³ per year, generating BRL 8 billion (1USD = 3,15 BRL) in annual revenue and 200 thousand jobs. Also, on the demand side, it was observed a reduction 40% in timber production in the last 10 2 | VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems years in the Brazilian Amazon. This scenario shows internalizing the positive externalities of the business. the enormous challenge for tropical forests, and a Neglecting the value of natural capital is one of the great opportunity to produce native tree species in greatest limitations on valuation methods todayix, silvicultural systems. However, to develop a new tropical although there is a very prominent methodology to forest economy, it is necessary to combat the illegal value ecosystem services, which has been developed timber trade to prevent unfair competition regarding by TEEB (The Economics of Ecosystem Services). In costs (tax evasion, labor costs, harvest, among others) the case of VERENA, a valuation spreadsheet was and market price defined by the illegal loggers that designed to value forest-related assets. The different represents 70%viii of the market. The good news is that assets being evaluated in the VERENA project can be the civil society and the private sector are engaged in translated onto the “forest continuum” concept. The stifling the illegal timber trade through the Brazilian forest continuum presents the different typologies of Coalition on Climate, Forests and Agriculture2. land use (Figure 1), from primary forests to low carbon agriculture. Although it is not possible to establish All real assets can be valued and the key to investing a discrete line between the different typologies, it is and managing those assets is to understand the important to understand that each one has a set of source of the value. In addition, the investment tool products and services with the greatest potential to also provides a framework to value natural capital, meet the demands of society. Figure 1 | The forest continuum and typologies of VERENA business cases. 2. Symbiosis 1. Amata 3. Faz. Toca 5. Faz. Santo 7. Jaíba II 4. TNC Cacau Antônio 6. Jaíba I 8. Futuro Florestal I 9. Futuro Florestal II 10. Sucupira 11 Ituberá 12. CAMTA Henry Ford said, “A Business That Makes Nothing to support investment decision-making and to mobilize but Money Is a Poor Business.” The novelty of the equity and debt capital markets, contribute to the valuation tool is the ability to do a complete valuation Brazilian NDC [Nationally Determined Contributions of the financial and natural capital of such projects. goals set in the Paris Climate Agreement in 2015] target The many valuation tools available for public use x; xi; xii; to restore and reforest 12 million hectares of degraded xiii allow users to assess only the financial capital. The lands and forests by 2030, and support landowners assessment of the natural capital is ultimately important interested in investing in reforestation for economic to stimulate new markets and mobilize policy makers use. For each different stakeholder, the valuation tool and investors in the reforestation agenda. will provide different insights, and its use requires a The target users of the VERENA valuation tool are reasonable level of skill in accounting and finance and investment analysts, land owners, financial institutions, good knowledge of this business segment. and policy makers. The main objectives of VERENA are TECHNICAL NOTE | DECEMBER 2017 | 3 VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Source of information The VERENA valuation tool was built and calibrated The criteria used to select the 12 investment cases based on information from 12 (Table 1 and Appendix followed the methodology to answer five key questions: 1) different investment cases already established in i) Does it have a clear commercial purpose selling Brazil, selected from a list of several cases based on a products with a established market?; ii) Is it scalable?; set of criteria (see below). Those 12 cases are among iii) Could it be replicated elsewhere, especially in the most mature and large-scale experiences found in degraded areas?; iv) Does it have positive externalities3 the country. Additionally, those responsible for the 12 for natural capital?; and v) Does it promote social and business cases were willing to share all the information economic wellbeing? necessary to run the robust valuation model developed by the VERENA project team and make the results publicly available. Table 1 | List of the 12 investment cases of Verena YEAR OF PROJECT AREA CASE TIPOLOGY SPECIES LOCATION INCEPTION (HA) Reforestation 1 AMATA 2008 3991 Paricá (Schizolobium amazonicum) AM/Paragominas/PA Monoculture Reforestation 2 SYMBIOSIS 2011 494 Native sp (26) MA/Porto Seguro/BA Multispecies 5 (2012) + 3 FAZ. da TOCA 2012 Agroforestry Citrus + native sp (5) + crops (3) MA/Itirapina/SP 265 (2018) AM/São Félix do 4 TNC - SAF cacau 2014 312 Agroforestry Cocoa + banana + native sp (5) + crops (2) Xingu/PA Reforestation 5 FAZ. SANTO ANTONIO 2013 13 Native sp (11) MA/Araras/SP Multispecies 6 FAZENDA JAÍBA I 2007 15 Agroforestry Brazilian mahogany + banana CE/Jaíba/MG Reforestation 7 FAZENDA JAÍBA II 2007 5 Brazilian mahogany CE/Jaíba/MG Monoculture 8 FUTURO FLORESTAL I 2009 5 Agroforestry Peach palm + native sp (4) MA/Garça/SP 9 FUTURO FLORESTAL II 2010 8 Agroforestry Coffee + native sp (4) MA/Garça/SP SUCUPIRA 10 2015 45 Agroforestry Native sp (5) + crops (13) MA/Valença/BA AGROFLORESTAL AGRO INDUSTRIAL 11 2015 60 Agroforestry Cocoa + rubber tree + banana MA/Ituberá/BA ITUBERÁ 12 C.A.M.T.A 2008 39 Agroforestry Cocoa + Açaí + native sp (4) + crops (4) AM/Tomé-Açu/PA (case = name of the investor; Year of Project Inception column = date of the earliest operation; Area = the total planted area of the project; typology = describes the type of asset (monoculture = 1 native tree species; multispecies = more than 1 tree species; Agroforestry = at least 1 tree species combined with at least 1 crop); species = general information of name and number of species within the asset; and Biome / Municipality / State = AM for Amazon; MA for Atlantic Forest; CE for Brazilian Savana . Source: authors. 4 | VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems 2.2 Why valuation and how is performed An asset can be valued for several reasons and the valuation approach will change as needed. The valuation approach proposed by Aswath Damodaranxiv at the New York University takes into consideration the uniqueness of the asset and time horizon (Figure 2). Figure 2 | The valuation method used (middle row) based on two constraints: the uniqueness of the asset and investors time horizon. LARGE NUMBER OF UNIQUE ASSET VALUATION APPROACH: UNIQUENESS OF ASSET SIMILAR ASSETS DISCOUNTED OPTION PRICING RELATIVE VALUE LIQUIDATION CASH FLOW MODELS VALUATION VALUE LONG TIME SHORT TIME VALUATION APPROACH: INVESTORS TIME HORIZON HORIZON HORIZON Source: modified from Aswath Damodaran. The liquidation value is useful to rapidly value The tool consists of a spreadsheet to assess economic distressed firms, whilst option pricing models and valuation of reforestation and agroforestry systems relative valuation models are simpler and less complex through the discounted cash flow (DCF) method (Figure to use when compared to the discounted cash flow 3). The DCF method creates forecasts of the income method. Additionally, discounted cash flow method statement and the cash flow statement. These are shown is used when there is a lack of comparable firms and in brief in Figure 3 below. The forecasts can go on for the asset being valued is a greenfield project. It means any length of time, and the cash flows are discounted that the value will come incrementally from future cash back to the present day by using a discounted rate. flows, which should be discounted at the cost of capital. As the assets of the business cases described in this publication are remarkably unique and have a long time horizon (ranging from 7 to 35 years), we used the discounted cash flow method to build the “VERENA investment tool”. TECHNICAL NOTE | DECEMBER 2017 | 5 VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems Figure 3 | Income and cash flow statement. on the left side is described the accounting principles to build a cash flow from income statement to the statement of cash flows. The number from 1 through 20 can be used to seek the flow from the results all the way from revenues to free cash flow. On the botton, is a representation of what a discounted cash flow is.. INCOME STATEMENT (DRE) CASH FLOW (1) Gross Revenue (11) Taxes from Operating Profits (2) Sale Taxes (PIS / COFINS) (12) = (10) - (11) Net Operating Profit after Tax (NOPAT) (3) = (1) - (2) Net Revenue (13) Land Sale Cost of Goods Sold / Depletion/ (5) Depreciation (4) Exhaustion (COGS) (14) Exhausion / Depletion (5) Depreciation (15) (+/-) ∆ Working Capital Selling, General and (6) Administrative Expense (SG&A) (16) Capital Expenditure (Capex) (7) Interest Payment (17) = (12) + (13) + (5) + (14) ± (15) - (16) Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Nominal (8) = (3) - (4) - (6) EBITDA Free Cash Flow to Firm (FCFF) Real (9) = (8) - (5) EBIT (18) Debt (10) = (9) - (7) EBT (19) Amortization (20) = (17) + (18) - (19) Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) Nominal Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE) Real CASH INFLOWS REVENUES Discount Rate NET PRESENT Today Time VALUE Discount Rate CASH OUTFLOW INVESTMENTS Source: authors. The income statement reports on revenues and expenses The cash flow statement is the heart of the discounted of a firm over a period (in this case one year). Investors cash flow model. For example, costs for establishment examine a firm’s income statement for valuation and maintenance of the forest stand are examples of purposes while lenders ascertain the firm’s ability to fulfill cash outflows; and revenues from timber sales are interest and principal payments of its debt. The cash flow examples of cash inflow. It is important to follow statement provides information beyond that available accounting principles for the cost curve, such as capex, from the income statement: it states the cash used from depreciation and depletion (for forest stands) because the operating activity (e.g. payment of income taxes); they have different flows through income statement and cash for investment (e.g. acquisition of a fixed asset) and cash flow. All input variables in the model are used to the cash for financing activities (e.g. principal payment). fulfill the “bottom line” or net income. The free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is a measure of the cash available for discretionary purposes to all investors, both equity and debt holders. The free cash flow to equity (FCFE) is the cash available only to the equity investor, after debt obligations have been met. 6 | VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems Moreover, the income statement and the cash flow 2.3 The Model statement are used in capital budgeting. This is a The general inputs in the model are parametrized for the process to make corporate decisions such as mergers valuation of investment cases. Each step in the model is and acquisitions, and investing in new projects. In the described in this section. The VERENA valuation model case of new projects, this process consists of finding the has an input section that feeds information to the economic value (or risk-adjusted return) of new projects income and cash flows statements. Additionally, in the through the Net Present Value (NPV) discounted at the track record section, it is possible to see every calculation firm’ s cost of capital. There are several indicators to and financial methods used, as well as the results in support investment decisions that will be described in the report section (Figure 4). This is key to provide the following section. transparency in the calculation process to the users. Figure 4 | Flow of information used in the discounted cash flow model – the “verena investment tool” begins with: i) General Information and the cost of capital to use as discount rate; II) the inputs of costs and revenues; III) inputs of the positive externalities of the natural capital; IV); simulations; V) Track Record [all calculation records from inputs to reports]; and VI) Reports. VERENA INVESTMENT TOOL 5. Track 66.. RReeppoorrttss // INPUT Record OOuuttppuuttss 1. General 2. COGS / 3. 4. 5.1 Cash 6.1 Information Revenues Externalities Simulation Flow Externalities 1.1 General 1.3 2.1 System 3.1 Carbon, 4.1 5.2 6.2 Break 1.2 Planting Information Economics, Cost, Fruits Water, Sensitive Accounting: Even Schedule 3.2 Legal & Land Debts, & Timber Incentives, Analysis & COGS; Capex; Reserve Taxes, CRA & Break Even Depreciation SG&A, WC Crops 6.3 Tornado 2.2 COGS 5.3 Taxes 1.3.1 WACC 3.2.1 Legal Reserve COGS 2.3 General 6.4 Ratios Information 5.4 Working for Timber 3.2.2 Legal Capital Reserve 6.5 Final (GI Timber) 2.4 General 5.5 Species Report Information 1 to 13; LR for Fruits 3.2.3 Legal Species Reserve 1 to 5; (GI Fruits) Externalities Source: authors. 5.6 Debt & Land TECHNICAL NOTE | DECEMBER 2017 | 7 VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems 2.4 Model Description The proposed methodology was used to build an the biological asset. For general information on fruits, it interactive spreadsheet tool (Microsoft Excel©, 2013 – is important to specify correctly when the species starts 32 bits or higher version, for Windows – IMPORTANT and ends production, as this information is used to NOTE: this tool does not run on Mac). The interactive divide the cost curve of each species into Capex, Costs of tool has an input interface (Figure 5) with four sections Goods Sold and depreciation. of inputs and one section for reports and results. Additionally, the user can navigate through the Excel The Externalities section refers to the valuation spreadsheets to verify any calculation done from the of externalities from natural capital, which can inputs towards the cash-flow results. The details of every be understood as new streams of revenues from input, calculation, reports, and results are explained natural capital, such as carbon credits, payment below with screenshots of examples of valuations. for water services; CRA easement (Environmental Reserve Quotas); and the economic and sustainable The General Information section of the asset being management of the Legal Reserve Area. The valuation of evaluated includes the following information: [1.1] The the natural capital and ecosystem services proposed by time horizon; name of the company; project size in TEEB could trigger investments in forest restoration and hectares; price of land leased or purchased; sale of the reforestation by adding new streams of revenues and land asset at the end of the project; real appreciation bringing income and diversification to the landowners. of land. [1.2] Annual planning for planting operation The proposed tool uses an Income Statement approach and acquiring land. [1.3] Exchange rate for Brazilian (revenues – costs – opportunity costs). Reais and US Dollars; discount rate; Sales, General and Administrative expenses; working capital; leverage; and The sensitivity analysis section uses the maximum and taxes. [1.3.1] Expected return based on cost of capital minimum value of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) models (Capital Asset Pricing and Weighted Average from the changes made on each variable in the model Cost of Capital). in relation to the base values input in sections 1, 2, and 3. There is also break-even analysis, in which the model The Cost and Revenues section refers to information on changes every variable individually until it reaches a costs and revenues for timber and fruits (non-timber desired IRR. such as annual crops; permanent crops; seeds; nuts and others). The analyst can add thinning in timber Section 5 includes all the results from the model: [5.1] operations, but it is important to input the year and Detailed information on returns, capital needs for the intensity in terms of volume as this information depletes business case, for each positive externality from the Figure 5 | Interface of the VERENA Investment Valuation tool. IN1F. OGRENMEARTIAOLN / 2. COST/REVENUES 3. EXTERNALITIES 4. SIMULATION 5. REPORTS 1.1 General Information & ! 2.1 System Cost & ! 3.1 Carbon, Water, ! 4.1 Break Even - Sensitivity ! ! 5.1 Externalities Land Species Incentive, CRA, Crops Analysis 1.2 Planting Schedule & ! ! ! ! Land Purchase 2.2 Costs / COGS 3.2 Legal Reserve 5.2 Tornado 1.3 Economics, Debts, ! 2.3 General Information ! 3.2.1 Legal Reserve ! 5.3 Break Even - Elasticity ! Taxes, SG&A for Timber Costs 1.3.1 WACC ! 2fo.4r FGrueintse ral Information ! 3(G.2I .T2 imLebgearl) Reserve ! 5.4 Ratios ! 3.2.3 Legal Reserve ! 5.5 Final Report ! (GI Fruits) Source: Authors. 8 | VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems natural capital, and a combined analysis for the business 1.1 GENERAL INFORMATION & LAND case and all variables of the natural capital, additionally In this section, the user provides the following there is a sensitivity analysis of Net Present Value over information on (Figure 6): a range of discount rate; [5.2] Sensitivity analysis in i. Project name; a tornado diagram format, based on the inputs from ii. Time horizon of the valuation; [one or more rota- section 4; [5.3] Break even results based on the results tions, usually determined by the cycle of the forestry from section 4; [5.4] Profitability and performance component]; ratios, solvency, and coverage ratios; and [5.5] Summary iii. Size of the project in hectares, divided among gross of all results in Brazilian Reais and in US dollars. area (total area), preservation area and net area (actual intervention area). This definition is impor- tant to comply with Brazilian Forest Code4; 1. General Information iv. The ratio between land leasing and land purchase, and its respective prices. In this input, the analyst The general information section consists of input can consider also 100% of the project being imple- information regarding land, yearly planning for mented on an area being leased, or simply consider implementation of the project, economic assumptions buying 100% of the land; and and WACC (weighted average cost of capital). v. The terminal value allows for at the end of the Throughout the model description, screenshots of the project, the selling of land, which is a fixed asset. model are presented with examples. Required cell Additionally, the analyst can increase the price of inputs are in grey colors; optional inputs are in the land to see the impact on the terminal value, as yellow and formulas are in green. Before filling in land assets usually have real valorization in price information, the user must unprotect the sheet and then over time. Finally, it is possible to input sales and validate data to maintain consistency of the valuation. income taxes over the sale of land. Figure 6 | Interface for input variables on item 1.1. Required GENERAL INFORMATION LAND Optional Project Name VERENA Gross Area ha 80,00 Formula Year 0 2018 Preservation Area ha 40,00 Final Year 2048 Net Area ha 40,00 Interval Years 30 Use Area % 50,00% Land Cost (Gross Area) R$ / ha 2.300,00 Land Leasing (Net Area) R$ / ha / year 230,00 Write a percentage here if are acquiring land, this Land Purchase % 100,00% will autamatically change land lease. Land Lease % 0,00% By default land lease is always 100%. If “yes” is chosen purchased land will turn into an Sales (land) at end yes / no Yes income at last year of the project. Real increase price of land % / year 0,50% ITBI on sale (over revenue) % 3,00% Values by default, change as needed IR on sale (over profit) % 15,00% TECHNICAL NOTE | DECEMBER 2017 | 9 VERENA Investment Tool: Valuing Reforestation with Native Tree Species and Agroforestry Systems One important concept is that cash flows are based the total area per year, for example, first year with on opportunity costs and should be included in the 5,000 ha; second year with 10,000 ha until fulfilment project costs. The broader concept in economics for of the 100,000 ha. The second input is the timing of opportunity costs is defined as the “next best option purchasing land. Based on the previous assumption, forgone”. Also, the opportunity costs are cash flows that buying the total area of land in the first year of the the firm will possibly lose by undertaking a project. For project is unlikely, as cash could be wasted, as a large example, even if the firm owns the land, the cost of the portion of land would be set aside awaiting plantation in land should be charged to the project because it could the following years. be sold if not used; or include a land leasing cost as opportunity costs for land, which the model also allows. 1.3 ECONOMICS, DEBTS, TAXES, SG&A & WC Also, the landowner’s opportunity cost of labor is also applied in the valuation. The landowner, by undertaking Economic profile: and managing the assets, is forgoing the opportunity to work for another firm and receive a salary payment. The investor profile can be chosen from a list of four The VERENA model included opportunity costs in the profiles from the WACC model (Figure 8). The Profile valuation of all the 12 business cases, and we encourage 1 has high risk aversion and Profile 4 low risk aversion the user to do the same. (more information about the profiles in section 1.3.1 WACC). Choosing from the list will automatically 1.2 LAND PURCHASING AND PLANTING SCHEDULE complete the discount rates based on the cost of There are two important inputs in this section (Figure capital. A discount rate of “r” (from WACC – Weighted 7). One is the planting schedule, which is estimated by Average Cost of Capital) is used for FCFF (Free Cash dividing the amount of the total area being planted each Flow to Firm) and opportunity cost of equity capital year. This variable is directly impacted by operational “Ke” (from CAPM – Capital Asset Pricing Model) are constraints. For example, a project with a total area used to discount the FCFE (Free Cash Flow to Equity). of 100,000 hectares is very unlikely to be completed Additionally, there is a need to input the exchange rates in one year. In this section, the user can break down from US dollars to Brazilian Reais and inflation that will result in the nominal cash flow. Figure 7 | Planning for acquisition of land and implementation. PLANTING SCHEDULE & LAND PURCHASE AREA OF LAND ACCUM. AREA PLANTING ACCUM. AREA YEAR PURCHASED OF LAND SCHEDULE OF PLANTING Total Net Area (ha) 40,00 (HA) PURCHASED (%) (HA) SCHEDULE (%) Total Land Purchased (ha) 40,00 Year 0 40,00 100,00% 40,00 100,00% Total Planting Schedule (ha) 40,00 Year 1 100,00% 100,00% Total Land Purchased (%) 100,00% Year 2 100,00% 100,00% Total Planting Schedule (%) 100,00% Year 3 100,00% 100,00% Year 4 100,00% 100,00% Year 5 100,00% 100,00% Year 6 100,00% 100,00% Year 7 100,00% 100,00% Year 8 100,00% 100,00% Required Year 9 100,00% 100,00% Optional Year 10 100,00% 100,00% Formula 10 |