Journal of Religion & Film Volume 20 Article 30 Issue 3October 2016 10-2-2016 Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film: Antecedents and Causative Forces Wynn Gerald Hamonic Thompson Rivers University, [email protected] Recommended Citation Hamonic, Wynn Gerald (2016) "Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film: Antecedents and Causative Forces," Journal of Religion & Film: Vol. 20 : Iss. 3 , Article 30. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Religion & Film by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please [email protected]. Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film: Antecedents and Causative Forces Abstract This essay describes the antecedents and causative forces giving rise to the birth of apocalyptic cinema in the early 20th Century and the first apocalyptic feature,Verdens Undergang(1916). Apocalyptic cinema's roots can be traced back to apocalyptic literary tradition beginning 200 BCE, New Testament apocalyptic writings, the rise of premillenialism in the mid-19th Century, 19th century apocalyptic fiction, a growing distrust in human self-determination, escalating wars and tragedies from 1880 to 1912 reaching a larger audience through a burgeoning press, horrors and disillusionment caused by the First World War, a growing belief in a dystopian future, and changes in the film industry. Keywords Verdens Undergang, Apocalypse, Motion Pictures, Antecedents, Causes, Danish Film Author Notes Wynn Hamonic is Subject Matter Expert and Curriculum Consultant for Film 3991: Cinematic Visions of the Apocalypse, at Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, B.C., Canada. He holds a Ph.D. from the Department of Film and Television Studies at Brunel University, London, England, and a Masters Degree in Library and Information Science from University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario (1997). His Bachelor's Degree was in Paralegal Studies at University of Great Falls (1990). He is the author of Terrytoons: The Story of Paul Terry and His Cartoon Factory (John Libbey Publishing, forthcoming 2017). His research interests include Apocalyptic Cinema, Animation Studies, Horror and Supernatural Film, Film Noir, and History of World Cinema. This article is available in Journal of Religion & Film:https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 Hamonic: Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film The First Apocalyptic Film On April 1, 1916, Verdens undergang (The End of the World), a 77-minute black- and-white silent motion picture, was released in Denmark to theatrical audiences. The film, with Danish intertitles, is acknowledged by film historians as the first apocalyptic feature film. The film, also known as The Flaming Sword, featured strong production values and Denmark's finest production talent. The film was produced by Nordisk Film Kompagni, directed by August Blom, written by Otto Rung, and starred Olaf Fønss and Ebba Thomsen. Verdens undergang depicts a worldwide catastrophe when an errant comet passes by Earth and causes natural disasters and social unrest.1 The film was a huge success across Europe, partly the result of great special effects for the period. When the motion picture toured German cinemas as The Last Judgment (Das jüngste Gericht) in November 1916 local media described the spectacular scenes of natural disasters, as "astonishingly technical accomplishments" doing so "with such elemental force" that it "almost surpasses the power of human imagination."2 Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2016 1 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 20 [2016], Iss. 3, Art. 30 Verdens undergang (1916): A Seminal Motion Picture Despite being released in a small European country when the atrocities of the First World War were headlining newspapers and entertainment news was relegated to back pages, Verdens undergang was not overlooked by the movie-going public and became a highly influential work of art. The film is set in a small Danish mining town where two sisters, Dina (Ebba Thomsen) and Edith (Johanne Fritz- Petersen), daughters of the mine owner West (Carl Lauritzen) are romantically involved. The latter remains faithful to a childhood friend named Reymers (Alf Blütecher); the first falls for the promise of a wealthy life alongside miner owner Frank Stoll (Olaf Fønss) with whom she elopes, abandoning her engagement to worker Flint (Thorleif Lund). Stoll benefits from the rumors of an imminent disaster caused by the passing of a comet when his cousin, the scientist who discovered the comet, orders the release of fake reassuring news, promising the newspaper editor a significant amount of money resulting from the complete sale of stocks. A wandering prophet (Frederik Jacobsen) arrives in the mining town at the very first scene of the film, signifying that the comet is “God’s punishment.” On the night of the comet, the poor pray on a hill while Stoll and the rich hold a lavish feast. While the comet is wreaking death and destruction across the countryside, Stoll, his wife, and the vengeful Flint (seeking revenge for his stolen love) find refuge in https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 2 Hamonic: Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film a cave where all succumb to poisonous gases saturating the mine shaft. Edith is rescued by the prophet while Reymers is saved miraculously from his mission on sea. The film ends with the young couple kneeling, thankful to God they were the few spared death. From a technical perspective, Verdens undergang stands among the first films introducing a new (at the time) technique in lighting, specifically the enhancing dramatic effect of a protagonist struggling in the dark with a hand-held source of light, in this case a candle.3 The special effects set a new standard in technical craftsmanship. The dramatic on-location filming depicting the ocean rising and the strong winds battering the weather-beaten houses, are equally matched in their intensity by the display of fire sparks falling onto a miniature replica of the town. The effects convincingly depict the comet's devastation while reinforcing the meting out of Christian justice on a land plagued by sin as lust, betrayal, deceit and vengeance are all punished by death. The motion picture is not only the first apocalyptic feature but is also notable for being the first full-length film to cast a globally destructive comet as a central plot element. The influence on other filmmakers is evident in the narrative similarities between Blom's film and French director Abel Gance's End of the World (French: La Fin du monde) (1931), both morality plays highlighting the excesses of capitalism, and each involving a comet hurtling towards Earth, manipulations of the media to capitalize on stock market volatility due to Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2016 3 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 20 [2016], Iss. 3, Art. 30 impending calamity, romantic intrigue, and a comet that causes near total devastation to the world's population.4 In 1913 French director Abel Gance was meditating on the idea of his film End of the World. However, he had other film projects pressing at the time, and only after producing Napoleon in 1927, did he convince himself and backers to go forward with the project.5 Almost assuredly Gance had screened and was influenced by Blom's film prior to production of his feature fifteen years later. Only since the film's restoration by the Danish Film Institute in 2006 and subsequent re-release has the motion picture been re-discovered and appreciated by a new generation of cinema audiences. The importance of the film to the study of the apocalyptic film genre has only recently been recognized by film critics and historians. In her 2012 article The Comet Tail: Celestial Apocalypse in Silent Cinema, film scholar Delia Enyedi argues: "Apocalyptic cinema owes the silent period the setting of foundations for the genre together with a narrative type of structure favouring the pre-eminence of the special effects. But, at the same time, the particular case of August Blom’s Verdens undergang, by casting the comet as central character with a reason of its own, stands as the valuable legacy of the period as it represents one of the most intriguing apocalyptic screenwriting resolutions in film history."6 https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 4 Hamonic: Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film Apocalyptic Film: A Definition of the Genre Capturing a definition of what constitutes an "apocalyptic film" is critical in determining which motion pictures fit the apocalyptic mold. The classification of films into genres assists in pinpointing the antecedents and causative forces giving rise to these motion pictures and facilitates comparisons of the films in the same genre to one another in terms of their artistic and technical merits. In The End of the World: The Apocalyptic Imagination in Film and Television, John W. Martens argues that God is at the center of apocalyptic texts and is usually missing in the action in apocalyptic movies. He argues that the "Traditional Apocalyptic" film has at the heart of them: (1) a battle between the forces of Good and Evil; (2) Evil ultimately proceeds from an Evil One, Satan, the Devil, who is directing the forces of Evil; (3) This battle has cosmic dimensions, that is, the fate of humanity and the earth are at stake; and (4) The outcome of the battle leads to the vanquishing of evil and the triumph of good, or at least it averts catastrophe for the time being, and preserves the Earth for the time being.7 Film scholars and critics usually give a broader definition of apocalyptic film encompassing both religious and secular motion pictures. The apocalyptic film genre is generally considered to be a sub-genre of science fiction film and as defined by Charles P. Mitchell in A Guide to Apocalyptic Cinema involves a theme of global catastrophic risk, "a motion picture that depicts a credible threat Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2016 5 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 20 [2016], Iss. 3, Art. 30 to the continuing existence to humankind as a species or the existence of Earth as a planet incapable of supporting human life."8 The film usually centers around an apocalyptic event such as a nuclear holocaust, a plague or virus, runaway climate change, an impact event from space such as an asteroid, a religious occurrence (e.g. the fulfillment of Biblical prophecy), an alien invasion, or a zombie apocalypse.9 The plot may involve attempts to avert an apocalyptic event, manage the impact and consequences of the disaster itself, or it may be post-apocalyptic, set after the occurrence. Films such as Verdens undergang involving a comet bringing divine retribution for the sins committed by the characters in the film would, I argue, in Martens opinion likely be considered more to do with "eschatology," or a part of theology concerned with the final events of history, or the ultimate destiny of humanity. I would further posit that those films which involve global calamity and make no reference at all to God could be argued by traditionalists such as Martens to be simply a "disaster film." For the purposes of this article, all references to "apocalyptic film" will be in context to the Mitchell definition which best captures mainstream contemporary thought on apocalyptic film form and genre. https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 6 Hamonic: Verdens Undergang (1916) and the Birth of Apocalyptic Film Apocalyptic Film: Critical Questions in the Study of the Genre The release of Verdens undergang raises critical questions in the study of the apocalyptic film genre. First, why was the first feature on an apocalyptic subject produced in a tiny European country before countries such as the United States or Great Britain with several well-established production facilities and where millions of cinema tickets were sold annually? By 1916, Denmark (population: 2.936 million10) was no longer one of the leaders in the film industry. After 1913, foreign companies intensified competition in the production of feature-length films. Danish cinema begun to suffer from a lack of imagination and a willingness to take creative risks on the part of Danish producers.11 Conversely, the United States (population: 101.9 million12) and Great Britain (population: 34 million13) had vibrant growing film industries. By 1916, two major film companies, Paramount and Universal, had studios in Hollywood, as did a number of minor companies and rental outfits. By 1915, over 500 feature films were being produced annually in the United States.14 Simultaneously, Great Britain had several film production companies producing feature and documentary films including the Hepworth Manufacturing Company, London Film Company, and Charles Urban Trading Company.15 Second, why did it take twenty years after the birth of cinema for the first apocalyptic feature to be produced? Films of most genres, albeit not of feature Published by DigitalCommons@UNO, 2016 7 Journal of Religion & Film, Vol. 20 [2016], Iss. 3, Art. 30 length, had been produced shortly after the birth of cinema. The first silent comedy L'Arroseur Arrosé (also known as The Waterer Watered and The Sprinkler Sprinkled) was produced in 1895. Le Voyage dans la Lune, created by Georges Méliès in 1902 is often considered to be the first science fiction film. The first Western film was The Great Train Robbery produced by Edwin S. Porter in 1903.16 The first feature-length narrative film, the Australian crime drama The Story of the Kelly Gang, was produced in 1906.17 Finally, why did the Danish producers choose a comet as the instrument of doom? Why not something more indigenous to Denmark like a water-related disaster such as the famous Baltic Sea Flood of 1872?18 The answers to these questions lie in identifying and tracing the antecedents of apocalyptic cinema up to 1916. The Apocalyptic Narrative Tradition, 200 BCE to the End of the Middle Ages The birth of apocalyptic cinema in the early 20th Century was the culmination of a number of religious, societal, technological, literary, and historical forces that established an apocalyptic imagination of a world on the brink of destruction and capable of being destroyed, narratives considered suitable for presentation on film for audience consumption. The roots of the genre can be traced to apocalyptic literature, a literary genre that envisages supernaturally inspired cataclysmic https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/jrf/vol20/iss3/30 8