Hirakawa · Rothe Shoukas · Tyberg (Eds.) Ve ins Their Functional Role in the Circulation With 78 Figures Springer Japan KK SENRI HIRAKAWA, M.D. Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu, 500 Japan, and Professor of Nutrition, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, 654, Japan CARL F. ROTHE, PH.D. Professor, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120 USA ARTIN A. SHOUKAS, PH.D. Professor Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MA 21205, USA JOHN V. TYBERG, M.D., PH.D. Professor of Medicine and Medical Physiology, and Heritage Medical Scientist, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1 Canada ISBN 978-4-431-68387-2 ISBN 978-4-431-68385-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-68385-8 Printed on acid-free paper © Springer Japan 1993 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1993 Softcoverreprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1993 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. Preface The 8th International Congress of Biorheology was held at the Pacifico Yokohama, Japan, a brand new, versatile convention center for international meetings, from August 3 through 8, 1992. There were many plenary lectures and symposia, one of which was entitled "Mechanics of the Venous System." It was at this symposium that we, the editors of this monograph, each presented papers. We then moved to Gifu, Japan, for the Gifu Workshop on Veins and Vascular Capacitance. This was held on August 9, 1992, with the Second Department of Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, serving as the host. Nine papers were presented in the oral sessions and there were five poster presentations. This monograph, which is intended to provide a bird's eye view of recent trends in studies of the venous system, is an outgrowth of the Gifu Workshop. While it is not exactly the Proceedings ofthat workshop, materials in the monograph were developed from ideas presented there. The monograph includes: (a) discussions of the interactions between the endothelium and the smooth muscle of the venous wall, (b) descriptions of coronary venous ftow-velocity patterns measured by a novel method, (c) de scriptions of the passive transport of macromolecules and ftuids across single venular capillaries, (d) structure-function correlations in venous walls and valves, (e) venous capacitance changes in experimental heart failure, together with a discussion of the muscle pump, (f) discussions of the effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on venous distensibility in healthy human subjects, (g) a clinical study of forearm venous stiffness in chronic heart failure, (h) an experimental study of the degree to which the baroreftex modifies the effects of vasodilators on systemic capacitance vessels, (i) a detailed discussion of the interplay among vascular resistance and blood ftow and volume pertaining to the regulation of hepatic vascular capacitance, (j) description of a novel method of determining nitroglycerin- and catecholamine-induced changes in the capacitance of the human pulmonary venous system, (k) a new method for constructing the human pulmonary venous-return curve, (1) descriptions of human pulmonary venous ftow-velocity measurements, and (m) application of plethysmographic techniques to the evaluation of venous varicosity. VI Preface We are grateful to Dr. N. Toda, Professor of Pharmacology, Shiga Univer sity of Medical Science, for contributing an invited paper to this monograph. We wish to thank Springer-Verlag Tokyo, Inc. for its support in publishing this monograph. November, 1993 S. HIRAKAWA C.F. ROTHE A.A. SHOUKAS J.V. TYBERG Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Responsiveness of Isolated V eins to Vasoactive Substances N. TooA and T. ÜKAMURA........................................ 1 Coronary Venous Flow F. KATIYA, A. KIMURA, 0. HIRAMATSU, Y. ÜGASAWARA, and K. TSUJIOKA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Macromolecular Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity Through Large Pores Across a Single Venular Capillary A. KAMIYA, M. SHIBATA, and M. SOHlRAD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Physiology and Functional Anatomy of the Venous System T. ÜHHASHI, K. MoRIMOTO-MURASE, and T. KnoH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Venous Capacitance Changes in Congestive Heart Failure and Exercise J.V. TYBERG and S.E. BAKER ....... ,.............................. 48 Effects of Vasodilators on Venous Distensibility in Rumans T. IMAIZUMI, S. ANno, and A. TAKESHITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Forearm Stiffness in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure M. IIzuKA, H. SATO, H. IKENOUCHI, S. MoMOMURA, and T. SERIZAWA.. . 69 Baroreftex Modifies the Effect of Vasodilators on Systemic Capacitance Vessel in Dogs H. ITo, S. MINATOGUCHI, K. AsANO, H. WADA, K. TAKAI, M. KosHIJI, Y. UNO, T. SEGAWA, K. INOUE, and S. HIRAKAWA.................... 79 Regulation of Hepatic Vascular Capacitance C.F. ROTHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 VII VIII Table of Contents The Effect of Nitroglycerin on the Capacitance of the Human Pulmonary "Venous" System s. HIRAKAWA, K. GOTOH, Y. ÜHSUMI, Y. YAGI, T. TSUKAMOTO, H. TAKATSU, and Y. TERASffiMA................................... 98 Mental Arithmetic Produces Pulmonary and Systemic Venoconstriction s. HIRAKAWA, K. GOTOH, Y. YAGI, T. TSUKAMOTO, Y. TERASHIMA, K. ISHIMURA, and S. MINATOGUCHI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Human Pulmonary Venous Return Curve: Effect of Dopamine K. GoToH, Y. YAm, H. TAKATSU, Y. TERASHIMA, K. NAGASHIMA, T. SAWA, F. DEGUCHI, M. NAWADA, H. TANAKA, H. ITo, and s. HIRAKAWA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Pulmonary V ein Flow Velocity-TimeProfile for Semiquantitative Estimates of Left Atrial Storage Fraction M. ARAKAWA, H. MIWA, Y. ITO, K. KAGAWA, T. NODA, K. NISHIGAKI, M. TOMITA, R. TANAKA, and S. HIRAKAWA.......................... 124 Venous Disorders of the Leg Evaluated by a Plethysmographic Technique M. HIRAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Subject Index................................................... 141 List of Contributors Ando, S. 61 Nishigaki, K. 124 Arakawa, M. 124 Noda, T. 124 Asano, K. 79 Ogasawara, Y. 9 Baker, S.E. 48 Ohhashi, T. 33 Deguchi, F. 116 Ohsumi, Y. 98 Gotoh, K. 98, 109, 116 Okamura, T. 1 Hirai, M. 133 Rothe, C.F. 90 Hirakawa, S. 79, 98, 109, 116, 124 Sato, H. 69 Hiramatsu, 0. 9 Sawa, T. 116 Iizuka, M. 69 Segawa, T. 79 Ikenouchi, H. 69 Serizawa, T. 69 Imaizumi, T. 61 Shibata, M. 23 Inoue, K. 79 Sohirad, M. 23 Ishimura, K. 109 Takai, K. 79 Ito, H. 79, 116 Takatsu, H. 98, 116 Ito, Y. 124 Takeshita, A. 61 Kagawa, K. 124 Tanaka, H. 116 Kajiya, F. 9 Tanaka, R. 124 Kamiya, A. 23 Terashima, Y. 98, 109, 116 Kimura, A. 9 Toda, N. 1 Kitoh, T. 33 Tomita, M. 124 Koshiji, M. 79 Tsujioka, K. 9 Minatoguchi, S. 79, 109 Tsukamoto, T. 98, 109 Miwa, H. 124 Tyberg, J.V. 48 Momomura, S. 69 Uno, Y. 79 Morimoto-Murase, K. 33 Wada, H. 79 Nagashima, K. 116 Yagi, Y. 98, 109, 116 Nawada, M. 116 IX Responsiveness of Isolated Ve ins to Va soactive Substances NOBORU TODA and TOMIO ÜKAMURA 1 Abstract. Although attention is currently directed to responsiveness of capacitance vessel to chemical, neural, and physical stimuli as an important factor regulating the circulating blood volume and venous return, information available so far is limited. This chapter includes data on mechanical responses of isolated veins from dogs and monkeys to endogenous vasoactive substances, such as acetylcholine, histamine, angiotensin II, prostaglandin 1 and nitric 2 oxide. It also compares responses of veins and arteries obtained from the same regions. As far as the blood vessels used are concerned, endogenous prosta glandin lz appears to modulate venous functions more than those of arteries, whereas endothelium-derived relaxing factor may be a more preferential modulator in the arteries than in the veins. Key words: Artery-Acetylcholine-Histamine-Angiotensin II-Prostaglan din 1-Nitric oxide-Mechanical response 2 Introduction Mechanisms of action of various vasoactive substances have been analyzed pharmacologically in a variety of blood vessels. The necessity of studying diverse blood vessels is because the responses are heterogeneous in portions of vasculature, blood vessels of various organs and tissues, the vessels from different mammals, arteries and veins, and so on. The investigations so far reported are mainly on arteries and arterioles in relation to the control of blood pressure or blood tlow and the genesis of vasospasm. Because of evidence showing contrasting responses of arteries and accompanying veins, recently, attention has focused on research into the venous system. In this chapter, we concentrate on the effects of acetylcholine, histamine, angiotensin II, prostaglandin lz (PG}z), and nitrovasodilators on isolated vein preparations, and compare the effects with those on arteries. 1 Department of Pharmacology, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Seta, Ohtsu, 520-21 Japan