Research Progress in Botany S Research Progress in Botany G t Vascular Plants and Paleobotany le o w b a i The chapters within this book provide the reader with a fascinating perspective on the gr Vascular Plants t evolutionary history of plants, which has bearing upon the evolution of life in general. Some plants have remained remarkably unchanged throughout Earth's history; early ferns, for example, had developed by the Mississippian Period and conifers by the Pennsylvanian. Some plants of prehistory are the same ones around today and are thus living fossils, such as Ginkgo and Paleobotany biloba and Sciadopitysverticillata. Other plants have changed radically, or have gone extinct entirely. The research described within this volume is important to the reconstruction of ancient ecological systems and climate, and it provides a fundamental basis to the study of green plant V development and evolution. What is more, it offers the reader a unique window on the history of early terrestrial life. a s c About the Editors u Dr. Philip Stewart has a PhD in horticulture with a focus on the genetics of flowering in l strawberries. He has worked in association with Cornell University's Grapevine Breeding a Program, the Department of Horticulture at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, and the r Horticultural Sciences Program at the University of Florida in Gainesville. He has contributed to P multiple publications, including the International Journal of Fruit Science, Horticultural Science, Plant Science, and BMC Plant Biology. He has served as a member on the U.S. Rosaceae l a Genetics and Breeding Executive Committee, the North American Strawberry Growers' n Association, and the Small Fruit Crop Germplasm Committee. Dr. Stewart is one of the t inventors of the patented strawberry plant named DrisStrawSeven, and he currently works with s the NCRA, State Agricultural Experiment Station Directors. a Professor Sabine Globig received her BA in 1972 at the American University School of International Service and her MS in horticulture and plant physiology in 1988 at Rutgers n University. Presently, she is Professor of Biology at Hazard Community and Technical College d in the Appalachian Mountains of Eastern Kentucky, where she specializes in human anatomy and physiology and plant sciences. She has also worked as an Adjunct Instructor of Biology at P Union County College in New Jersey and at Rutgers University, and as a certified high school a biology teacher. While at Rutgers, she worked as a plant physiology researcher at their l AgBiotech Center and held the same position for DNA Plant Technologies Corp. She has given e presentations at XXII International Conference on Horticultural Science, UC Davis, CA, 1987; o and 1997 ISHS International Symposium on Artificial Lighting in Horticulture, Noordwijkerhout, b Netherlands. She has also been included in several Who's Who entries. o Related Titles of Interest t a • Photosynthesis: Genetic, Environmental and Evolutionary Aspects n • Phytopathology in Plants • Plant Physiology y • Reproductive Physiology in Plants ISBN 978-1-926692-98-2 Philip Stewart, PhD 00000 Sabine Globig Apple Academic Press www.appleacademicpress.com 9781926692982 Editors VASCULAR PLANTS AND PALEOBOTANY TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Research Progress in Botany VASCULAR PLANTS AND PALEOBOTANY Edited By Philip Stewart, PhD Head, Multinational Plant Breeding Program; Author; Member, US Rosaceae Genomics, Genetics and Breeding Executive Committee; North Central Regional Association of State Agricultural Experiment Station Directors, U.S.A. Sabine Globig Associate Professor of Biology, Hazard Community and Technical College, Kentucky, U.S.A. Apple Academic Press TORONTO NEW YORK CRC Press Apple Academic Press, Inc Taylor & Francis Group 3333 Mistwell Crescent 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Canada © 2012 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20120530 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5863-2 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com For information about Apple Academic Press product http://www.appleacademicpress.com Preface The chapters within this book, focusing as they do on the paleobotany of vascular plants—in other words, the recovery and identification of plant remains from geo- logical contexts and their use for the biological reconstruction of past environments —provide the reader with a fascinating perspective on the evolutionary history of plants, which has bearing upon the evolution of life in general. Some plants have remained remarkably unchanged throughout Earth’s history; early ferns, for example, had developed by the Mississippian Period and conifers by the Pennsylvanian. Some plants of prehistory are the same ones around today and are thus living fossils, such as Ginkgo biloba and Sciadopitys verticillata. Other plants have changed radically, or have gone extinct entirely. The research described within this volume is important to the reconstruction of an- cient ecological systems and climate, and it provides a fundamental basis to the study of green plant development and evolution. What is more, it offers the reader a unique window on the history of early terrestrial life. —Philip Stewart, PhD TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk List of Contributors Patricia M. Anderson Department of Earth and Space Sciences and Quaternary Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jo Ann Banks Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Phillip N. Benfey The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Jörg Bohlmann Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. Eric D. Brenner The New York Botanical Garden, 200th St. and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Thomas A. Brown Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Livermore, California, USA. Linda B. Brubaker College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Gloria M. Coruzzi New York University, Department of Biology. 1009 Main Building, New York, NY 10003, USA. Guangwei Dai The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Andrew W. Douglas The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Songlin Fei Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky, Kentucky. F. Fernandoy Earth Sciences Department, University of Concepcion., Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. Lei Gao Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China. Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, PR China. Peter J. Gould Research Forester, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. J. Guiot CEREGE, CNRS/University and Paul C’ezanne UMR 6635, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence cedex, France. Dawn Hall Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. viii List of Contributors Björn Hamberger Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. Britta Hamberger Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. Mitsuyasu Hasebe Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. Masami Hasegawa School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Maria Herrero Department of Pomología, Experimental Station “Aula Dei”, CSIC, Apdo. 202/50080 Zaragoza, Spain. Philip E. Higuera College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. Jose I. Hormaza Experimental Station “The Mayor”, CSIC, 29760 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain. Feng Sheng Hu Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA. Department of Geology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA. Wen Ying Jiang Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China. Melanie J. Kaeser Lead Research Technician, Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Ichauway, 3988 Jones Center Dr. Newton, GA. Manpreet S. Katari New York University, Department of Biology 1009 Main Building, New York, NY 10003, USA. Makoto Kato Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. Masahiro Kato Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan. Christopher I. Keeling Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. Alison T. Kennedy Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA. M. Leppe Scientific Department, Chilean Antarctic Institute, INACH, Plaza Muñoz Gamero 1055, Punta Arenas, 000 billion, Chile. Damon P. Little Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics Studies, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York, USA. List of Contributors ix C. Loehle National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., 552 S Washington St., #224, Naperville, IL 60540, USA. Jorge Lora Experimental Station “The Mayor”, CSIC, 29760 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain. Yun Li Luo Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100093, Beijing, China. Rob A. Martienssen The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Klaus F. X. Mayer The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. Richard W. McCombie Genome Research Center, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 500 Sunnyside Blvd, Woodbury, NY 11797, USA. W. Michea Department of Geology, University of Chile, Plaza Ercilla 803, Casilla 13518, Correo 21, Santiago, Chile. Walter N. Moss The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. C. Muñoz Department of Earth Sciences, University of Concepcion., Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. Harufumi Nishida Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan. Claire Oddy Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. Yudai Okuyama Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. Wayne Owen Southern Region, USDA Forest Service. Peter M. Palenchar The New York Botanical Garden, 200th Street and Kazimiroff, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA. S. Palma-Heldt Department of Earth Sciences, University of Concepcion., Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. Richard D. Periman Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Suite 115, 333, Broadway SE, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. Maria C. Risueño Center for Biological Research, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain. Carol Ritland Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.