Vampires THE MYTHS, LEGENDS, & LORE AUBREY SHERMAN Avon, Massachusetts Contents INTRODUCTION PART 1: THE HISTORY OF VAMPIRES CHAPTER 1: The Origins of Vampires CHAPTER 2: Vampires’ Attributes, Behavior, and Environs PART 2: VAMPIRES FROM AROUND THE WORLD CHAPTER 3: Greek and Slavic Vampires CHAPTER 4: Romanian and German Vampires CHAPTER 5: Vampires of the United Kingdom CHAPTER 6: Vampires of the Far East and India CHAPTER 7: Vampires of North and South America Part 3: VamPires in Pop Culture CHAPTER 8: Vampires in Literature CHAPTER 9: Vampires in Film CHAPTER 10: Vampires in Television CHAPTER 11: Vampires in Games CHAPTER 12: Great Vampires of History CHAPTER 13: Vampire Crimes Part 4: VamPires Among Us CHAPTER 14: Vampires Today CHAPTER 15: The Fearless Vampire Hunters APPENDIX: Recommended Nonfiction Reading Copyright INTRODUCTION IN THE SHADOWS of our imagination lurk the creatures of the night. Tall, bone-thin, possessed of an exotic, frightening beauty, their eyes glow with a red spark that holds you fast while sharp white teeth champ against ruby lips and then sink into your flesh. Vampires have been our dark companions in literature and art, myth, and religion from the early centuries of civilization. But during the past 150 years, more than any other legendary figure the vampire has been romanticized and eroticized. For many people, vampires represent the dichotomous relationship between love and death, between eros and thanatos. Even as you understand that vampires can only survive by drawing on the blood of the living, it is this very act that attracts you to them. Le Vampire, lithograph by R. de Moraine, 1864 Why is the legend of the vampire so attractive? Perhaps because it mirrors human absorption with the phenomenon of death—vampires, after all, are suspended between life and death; they are what Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, famously referred to as “the undead.” From this shrouded world they hold forth the promise of eternal life, albeit at a terrible price. Or maybe they interest us because vampires are drawn to our blood, and blood is the essence of our existence; as Renfield, Dracula’s minion, puts it, “The blood is the life.” Today vampires more often inspire lust than repulsion—whether it’s the sparkly Edward Cullen of Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight saga; the brooding Bill Compton and Eric Northman, the male vampires at the heart of Charlaine Harris’s Sookie Stackhouse stories; or Angel, the tormented vampire and one- time lover of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Vampires also play an influential role in a subculture: goths, who dress in black, sport multiple body piercings, and find their muse in the fiction of Anne Rice and Poppy Z. Brite. As you explore the myths and legends of vampires in the pages of this book, you will come to better understand these mysterious, powerful, dangerous, exotic creatures and may even find the roots of your own fascination with them. PART 1 THE HISTORY OF VAMPIRES CHAPTER 1 The Origins of Vampires “I am glad that [the house] is old and big. I myself am of an old family.” —COUNT DRACULA, DRACULA BY BRAM STOKER THROUGHOUT THE CENTURIES and in dozens of cultures, vampires remain a centerpiece of the darker sides of lore and mythology, and our current passion for night terrors shows no signs of waning. Part of that fascination may be attributed to our fervent hope that there is life after death. If there is ongoing life in the spiritual world, is it really a leap of faith to believe that there may well be life after death that exists in the underbelly of our own world? LIVE LONG AND PROSPER Any research of vampires or vampirism throughout history inevitably leads to the genesis of the bloodsucker as we know it today—Bram Stoker’s seminal 1897 novel, Dracula. While much of the praise for Dracula is deserved, it must be noted that there exists a much richer history surrounding the legends of what are commonly referred to as revenants—individuals who return from the dead. Like the revered Greek and Egyptian gods of mythology, there are numerous legends, superstitions, and beliefs highlighting a dark contingent of vampiric creatures that tour the underworld, and play on our most primal fears. Given that most vampire folklore rarely uses the word vampire, how has the traditional vampire evolved from these stories of the undead? INCUBI AND SUCCUBI The incubus of ancient folklore was believed to be a male demon who forced unwanted sexual relations on a sleeping woman. In female form, the demon is known as a succubus. Both apparitions are often linked to early European vampiric entities, including the German alp and the Hungarian lidérc. Even Brazil has its own form of incubus, the boto, which seduces women and leads them to the river. Of course, the incubus made for a handy—and plausible—excuse for unwanted pregnancies. Tales of vampiric revenants vary greatly depending on their country of origin, their subsequent incarnation, and which folklorist or historian is telling of their exploits. The majority of creatures now cited as vampires or vampiric in nature are typically human and/or animal hybrids, zombielike beasts, and birth demons.