O S P R E Y A I R C R A F T O F T H E A C E S ®(cid:1) (cid:116) (cid:1) (cid:18) (cid:18) (cid:20) V1 Flying Bomb Aces Andrew Thomas ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 113 V1 FLYING BOMB ACES ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com First published in Great Britain in 2013 by Osprey Publishing Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford, OX2 0PH 43-01 21st Street, Suite 219, Long Island City, NY, 11101, USA E-mail; [email protected] Osprey Publishing is part of the Osprey Group © 2013 Osprey Publishing Limited All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission. 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If there has been any oversight we would be happy to rectify the situation and written submission should be made to Osprey Publishing. ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE ‘BUZZ BOMBS’ 6 CHAPTER TWO THE OPENING ROUNDS 12 CHAPTER THREE FLYING BOMB CLIMAX 24 CHAPTER FOUR THE BATTLE IS WON 51 CHAPTER FIVE AIR-LAUNCHED OFFENSIVE 70 CHAPTER SIX THE LAST RITES 84 APPENDICES 86 COLOUR PLATES COMMENTARY 90 INDEX 95 ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com ‘BUZZ BOMBS’ E N O R E T P A H C ‘I t was like chasing a ball of fire across the sky. It flashed past on our starboard side a few thousand feet away at the same height as we were flying. I quickly turned to port and chased it. It was going pretty fast, but I caught up with it and opened fire from astern. At first there was no effect, so I closed in another 100 yards and gave it another burst. Then I went closer still and pressed the button again. This time, there was a terrific flash and explosion and the whole thing fell down in a vertical dive into the sea. The whole show was over in about three minutes.’ Thus wrote Flt Lt John Musgrave in his combat report after landing at Manston in the early hours of Friday, 16 June 1944. With his navigator, Flt Sgt F W Samwell, he was flying a Mosquito VI of No 605 ‘County of Warwick’ Sqn – a night intruder unit – over the English Channel when at 0040 hrs they had spotted a flying bomb. After a short chase Musgrave had shot it down into the sea about 20 miles off Dunkirk. He had just claimed the first of 12 ‘robot planes’ (as the press initially dubbed the V1, although it was soon generally known as the ‘Doodlebug’) he would be credited with destroying, becoming a V1 ace on 5 July. Musgrave became the first pilot to down a V1 by a mere five minutes, beating No 219 Sqn’s Flt Lt ‘Sailor’ Parker and his navigator, WO Don Godfrey, who used their Mosquito XVII nightfighter to destroy the first of the six ‘Doodlebugs’ they would be credited with over the next two weeks. For Parker, a former air gunner who had been awarded a DSM whilst flying Fulmars from Malta with the Royal Navy, it was the first of his many combat claims. He had spotted what appeared to be a bright white light or flare 40 minutes after midnight, but could not close nearer than a thousand yards, ‘so gave target a very short burst and no strikes observed, but target blew up’. Before dawn had broken two more ‘robot planes’ had been shot down by John Musgrave’s colleagues in No 605 Sqn. The first V1 to fall during the bombardment of England fell to the guns of Flt Lt John Musgrave (left) and his navigator Flt Sgt F W Samwell of No 605 Sqn. The pair eventually shot down 12 flying 6 bombs (No 605 Sqn via I Piper) ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com An FZG 76 or Fieseler Fi 103, better ‘B known to the Germans as the U Z Vergeltungswaffe 1 or V1, is prepared Z for launch on its ‘ski-jump’ by B O members of Flak-Regiment 155 (W) M (via John Weal) B S ’ T R W U HE EVENGE EAPON NLEASHED The arrival of the first flying bombs in the skies of southern England was not, however, a surprise, as the development of these and other German secret weapons projects had been known to Allied intelligence for some time. Designed by Fieseler and designated the Fi 103, the flying bomb was given the cover designation FZG 76 by the Luftwaffe and christened V1 (Vergeltungswaffe 1, literally ‘Reprisal Weapon 1’, so named in response to the Allied bombing of cities in the Third Reich) by the German Propaganda Ministry. Development of the weapon had followed a proposal to the German Air Ministry (RLM) in November 1939 for a remote-controlled aircraft capable of carrying a 1000 kg (2200 lb) warhead a distance of 500 km (310 miles). The project was conducted by pulse-jet manufacturer Argus until June 1942, when Fieseler was nominated as the prime contractor after proposals were submitted to the RLM’s Technical Office. Development of what was now the Fi 103 took place under Luftwaffe supervision at its Karlshagen test centre. Glide tests of the vehicle, which was air-dropped from a Fw 200 Condor, began in October, followed by the first pulse-jet powered flight in December when the Fi 103 V7 was launched from a He 111. Built of welded sheet steel with plywood wings, the Fi 103 was a pilotless aircraft powered by a simple Argus pulse-jet engine that pulsed 50 times per second, so producing the characteristic sound that resulted in the colloquial name ‘buzz bomb’. Just over 25 ft long, with a wingspan of 17 ft 6 in, it was guided by an internal gyro-stabilised system that sent command signals to the flying controls. Once over its target the V1’s engine would cut out, causing the bomb to nose over and dive into the ground, detonating its 1870 lb (850 kg) high explosive warhead. Although capable of being employed from the air by a He 111, the V1 was more usually launched from a fixed site by means of a ‘ski jump’. By late 7 1943 the building of large numbers of these, and associated storage facilities, ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com E N O R E T P A H C had been detected by Allied reconnaissance in the Pas de Calais area of A pulse-jet powered V1 just after launch. Named variously by the Allies northern France, and it was correctly surmised that they were connected with as ‘buzz bombs’ or ‘Doodlebugs’, one of the secret weapons programmes. Operations generated to counter they were unpredictable and feared these secret long-range weapons were codenamed Crossbow, and included by the populations of British cities action against their research and development facilities as well as within their range (via John Weal) manufacturing sites. It also covered the launch sites, with those associated with the V1 being codenamed ‘Noball’. The strategic potential of a campaign of bombardment by the V1 was recognised, and Allied bombers were diverted to attack launch infrastructure when located, as there was now sufficient evidence to link the ‘ski jump’ structures to the threat. The first raid on a ‘Noball’ site was mounted on 5 November 1943 when a facility at Mimoyecques, near Calais, was hit by Mitchells from No 2 Group. These long-range weapon sites then featured regularly on the target lists for RAF and USAAF tactical bombers and fighter-bombers, although they were to prove difficult to knock out and dangerous to attack due to them being heavily defended. In response, the Germans swiftly developed prefabricated facilities, and these soon blossomed throughout the region. To the Allied High Command, with eyes firmly fixed on the coming invasion of France, it was a matter of when, not if, the weapon would be unleashed. In Germany, on 16 May, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel issued Hitler’s Directive for Operation Kirschkern (‘Cherry Stone’) to commence the bombardment of England by long-range weapons. The Luftwaffe unit formed to employ the V1 operationally was designated Flak-Regiment 155 (W) in an effort to disguise its true purpose. The unit was commanded by veteran artillery officer Oberst Max Wachtel. The Allied landings in Normandy on 6 June 1944 required a riposte from the Germans, and despite only ten of the 55 launch sites being ready, from 0330 hrs on 13 June ten flying bombs were launched. Although four of them malfunctioned, the remaining six headed towards London, their passing being noted by many who would shortly be chasing them. Among the latter was No 56 Sqn’s CO, Sqn Ldr Archie 8 Hall, soon to become a V1 ace; ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com ‘We were all rudely awakened at dawn by a strange noise, and to our ‘B U startled eyes there suddenly appeared the first jet-propelled flying bomb. Z Z It was this country’s introduction to this new horror, and it was an eerie B sensation to see it.’ O M The appearance of the first flying bombs over Kent was also noted by B S No 96 Sqn, whose records for 14 June stated; ’ ‘Well, well, whatever will happen next? At 0415 hrs the air raid siren sounded, and this time the news came from Biggin Hill that the Hun was sending over pilotless aircraft of some sort – his secret weapon perhaps? About 15-20 of these aircraft operated in two waves, target presumably London. Flt Lt Mellersh was just coming in to land and saw one crossing the ’drome at 1500 ft going quite slowly and flashing a yellow light from the tail at 0500 hrs. “Chuff bombs” seems the best name for them.’ The first V1 to reach its target struck a railway bridge in Bethnal Green, where it killed six and injured 30 – the first of almost 24,000 casualties in England over the coming months. It was little wonder, therefore, that countering the V1s, which were codenamed ‘Divers’, immediately assumed the highest priority. T F V1 A HE IRST CE Under the leadership of Air Marshal Sir Roderick Hill, the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) had developed plans to meet the perceived threat. There were specific zones for engagement by guns on the coast firing proximity-fused shells, with fighters operating over the sea and inland zones backed up by a balloon barrage as a last resort around the capital, all being informed by reports from radar and the Observer Corps. Fighter patrols were soon instigated, although it was evident that with the V1’s speed of around 400 mph at 2000 ft only the RAF’s latest fighters – the Tempest V and Griffon-engined Spitfire XIV – were capable of catching the flying bombs, and tactics were quickly developed. The units flying the latter type, Nos 91 and 322 (Dutch) Sqns, formed No 24 Wing at West Malling, in Kent, under the command of 14-victory ace Wg Cdr Bobby Oxspring. He noted in his autobiography; The man charged with heading up the air defences against the V1 was the C–in-C ADGB, Air Marshal Sir Roderick Hill, who had himself been a successful pilot during World War 1 9 (RAF Bentley Priory) ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com E ‘We found the ideal tactics for destroying the menacing missiles to be N O crucially governed by the range at which we fired. Rounds shot from R E 250 yards or more usually hit the flying control system of the craft, which T P would then dive into the ground still with an active warhead. Opening A H fire from a range of 150 yards or less almost always clobbered the warhead, C which could severely damage the attacking fighter when it exploded. The best chances for success came when shooting from between 200 and 250 yards, as from this distance you were reasonably certain of exploding the warhead in the air without undue damage to your fighter. Not surprisingly, the quality of shooting by the squadrons deployed against the “Divers” improved to a very high standard.’ Also allocated to the ‘Diver’ task were the Tempest Vs of No 150 Wing (Nos 3 and 486 Sqns) at Newchurch, in Kent, under Wg Cdr ‘Bea’ Beamont. He was told by his AOC, Air Vice Marshal ‘Dingbat’ Saunders, ‘I want you to be well placed between Eastbourne and North Foreland for the V1s’. With the Mosquitoes having opened the battle against the V1, shortly after dawn on 16 June the two day fighter wings began anti-‘Diver’ patrols, shooting down 12 flying bombs during the course of the day as they evolved techniques for dealing with the missiles. They were effectively ‘writing the book’ as they went along. The first to claim a flying bomb by day was Flt Sgt Morrie Rose of No 3 Sqn, who, at 0750 hrs, despatched one in flames near Maidstone. He described to the press how ‘this new Nazi terror weapon didn’t deviate an inch as it came straight on towards me. The whole situation seemed crazy, almost unreal. I just fixed it in my sights and gave it a full burst with my guns. Fortunately the thing blew up in mid-air’. Ninety minutes later, near Faversham, Wg Cdr Beamont and his wingman Flt Sgt Bob Cole had their first encounter with a V1. Beamont subsequently recalled; ‘I missed completely with my first burst. Another short burst hit its port outer wing, and then with all the remaining ammunition a long burst hit it first on the fuselage, without immediate effect, and finally in the engine, after which it stopped and began to go down. The V1 slowed rapidly but remained on an even keel and, as I overtook it on the port side, I was able to get a quick look at its slim, pointed fuselage, high-mounted ram jet engine at the back and short stubby wings. I called in Bob Cole to finish it off, which he did with a well aimed burst, and it rolled over onto its back and dived into a field, exploding with a lot of flame and black smoke.’ Beamont had claimed the first of 31 V1s that he would destroy. One result of this combat was that the veteran ace ordered the guns on his aircraft to be harmonised at 300 yards. Almost 250 missiles had been fired at London and Southampton on 16 June, and although there was a significant failure rate, 73 had reached the capital. That night the Mosquitoes were again active, and among those who were successful was No 219 Sqn’s CO, Wg Cdr Archie Boyd. A veteran nightfighter pilot, he told the author, ‘My final claim was early on 17 June 1944 after we had returned to the UK and were on Mosquitoes. 10 It was a flying bomb’. Also active were the Mosquitoes of No 96 Sqn, ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com ‘ B U Z Z B O M B S ’ Leaning nonchalantly against the flying from Ford, in West Sussex. This unit would subsequently become tailplane of a Tempest V of No 3 Sqn the top scoring nightfighter unit during the V1 campaign, and fourth at Newchurch is Wg Cdr Roland ‘Bea’ in the overall list, with between 165 and 174 victories. On the night Beamont, who was to become the first V1 ace. He would eventually of 17 June it claimed two, both being credited to future V1 aces Flt Lt shoot down 31 flying bombs, five of Don Ward and Sqn Ldr Alastair Parker-Rees. The intruders of No 418 which were shared with other pilots Sqn also got in on the act when, just after midnight, Flt Lt Don (P H T Green Collection) MacFadyen caught a ‘Diver’ off Dungeness and sent it into the sea on fire. The first of his five V1s was also the first to be brought down by the RCAF. Dawn saw the barrage continue, with Beamont’s Tempest wing very much to the fore. That afternoon and evening he shared another V1, whilst several of his pilots also began to score consistently, among them Belgian Flt Lt Remi van Lierde. It was on 18 June, however, that the day fighters really hit their stride, with No 3 Sqn bringing down 22, including three by New Zealander Flt Lt ‘Spike’ Umbers. His countrymen in No 486 Sqn destroyed 13, whilst between them the two Spitfire XIV units also claimed more than a dozen. Late in the evening ‘Bea’ Beamont blew one up over the sea and then shared another near Hastings to take his total to four. The following evening he was airborne again, and after being warned of a missile approaching Pevensey he watched the V1 being engaged by a Mustang without effect. Beamont then attacked. ‘I fired a short burst from 250 yards and it went down on its back, diving into a wood two miles southwest of Tunbridge Wells’. Beamont’s fifth claim made him the first V1 ace, and more would reach this milestone within hours. By the end of the summer a further 154 pilots 11 would have become V1 aces. ©OspreyPublishing•www.ospreypublishing.com