BODY BY DESIGN From the Digestive System to the Skeleton BODY BY DESIGN From the Digestive System to the Skeleton volume 1 cardiovascular system digestive system endocrine system integumentary system lymphatic system muscular system Rob Nagel • Betz Des Chenes, Editor Body by Design From the Digestive System to the Skeleton Rob Nagel STAFF Elizabeth A. Des Chenes, U•X•L Senior Editor Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher Margaret A. Chamberlain, Permissions Specialist (Pictures) Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager Mary Beth Trimper, Production Director Michelle Di Mercurio, Senior Art Director Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager GGS Information Services, Inc., Typesetting Cover illustration by Kevin Ewing Illustrations. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Nagel, Rob. Body by Design: from the digestive system to the skeleton/Rob Nagel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. The cardiovascular system. The digestive system. The endocrine system. The integumentary system. The lymphatic system. The muscular system. v.2. The nervous system. The reproductive system. The respiratory system. The skeletal system. The urinary system. The special senses. ISBN 0-7876-3897-8 (set). -ISBN 0-7876-3898-6 (v.1). -ISBN 0-7876-3899-4 (v.2.) 1. Human physiology Juvenile literature. [1. Body. Human. 1. Human physiology. 3. Human anatomy.] I. Title. QP36.N33 1999 612-dc21 99-14642 This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the memory of Michael D. Merker (1961–1999) Contents Reader’s Guide .................................................................................... ix Overview: How Systems and Other Structures Form the Living Body .......................................................................................... xv Words to Know ................................................................................. xvii VOLUME 1 The Cardiovascular System ................................................................... 1 The Digestive System ......................................................................... 33 The Endocrine System ....................................................................... 65 The Integumentary System ................................................................. 97 The Lymphatic System .................................................................... 123 The Muscular System ...................................................................... 153 VOLUME 2 The Nervous System ........................................................................ 175 The Reproductive System ................................................................ 207 The Respiratory System ................................................................... 239 The Skeletal System ......................................................................... 263 The Urinary System ......................................................................... 293 The Special Senses ........................................................................... 315 Bibliography .................................................................................... xliii Index .............................................................................................. xlvii vii Reader’s Guide Body by Design: From the Digestive System to the Skeleton presents the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the human body in twelve chapters spread over two volumes. Each chapter is devoted to one of the eleven organ systems that make up the body. The last chapter focuses on the special senses, which allow humans to connect with the real world. Each chapter begins with a paragraph overview of that particular organ system (or the special senses) and its function or role in the body. The re- maining information in the chapter is broken into four sections, each labeled by a particular subhead: • The material under the subhead Designcomprises the anatomy section of each chapter. It is a detailed presentation of the organs and any associated structures that compose that particular organ system or the special senses. Weight, size, color, position, and composition of the organs and their struc- tures are given, where applicable, in this section. • The material under the subhead Workings comprises the physiology sec- tion of each chapter. It is a step-by-step exploration of the functions of the organs and any associated structures that compose that particular organ system or the special senses. The mechanics of muscle contraction, the transmission of nerve impulses, the actions of swallowing and breathing, and numerous other physiological processes are all examined in depth in this section. • The material under the subhead Ailmentsis a presentation of some of the many diseases and disorders that can target the organs or associated struc- tures in that particular organ system or the special senses. Most of the ail- ments presented are well known, but a few are not. For each ailment, the number of people generally affected, causes, symptoms, and treatments are all covered. ix • The material under the subhead Taking care is a presentation of ways an individual can keep a particular system healthy. Because of the con- Reader’s Guide nectedness of the organ systems, forming the human body as a whole, steps to keep a system healthy are often steps to keep the body healthy. Many of these steps are general (some would say common sense) approaches. Each chapter also contains illustrations or photos (many in color) of the particular organs and any associated structures. Where applicable, photos de- picting specific ailments have also been included. Historical discoveries, re- cent medical advances, short biographies of scientists, and other interesting facts relating to that particular system are presented in sidebar boxes sprin- kled throughout each chapter. A “Words to Know” box included at the beginning of each chapter pro- vides pronunciations and definitions of words and terms used in that chap- ter. Another “Words to Know” box later in each chapter is devoted to sys- tem ailments. At the end of each chapter, under the heading “For More Information,” appears a list of books and annotated web sites that provide students with further information about that particular system. Each volume of Body by Design includes an overview essay, “How Sys- tems and Other Structures Form the Living Body,” followed by a compre- hensive glossary collected from all the “Words to Know” boxes in the twelve chapters. Each volume ends with a general bibliography section. The offerings in this section, twenty books and fifteen annotated web sites, are not system specific, but explore the human body as a whole. A cumulative index pro- viding access to all major terms and topics covered throughout Body by De- sign concludes each volume. Related Reference Sources Body by Designis only one component of the three-part U•X•L Complete Health Resource. Other titles in this library include: • Sick! Diseases and Disorders, Injuries and Infections:This four-volume set con- tains 140 alphabetically arranged entries on diseases, disorders, and in- juries, including information on their causes, symptoms, diagnoses, tests and treatments, and prognoses. Each entry, four to seven pages long, in- cludes sidebars on related people and topics, as well as a list of sources for further research. Each volume contains a 16-page color insert. Sickalso features more than 240 black-and-white photographs and a cumulative subject index. • Healthy Living:This three-volume set examines fitness, nutrition, and other lifestyle issues across fifteen subject chapters. Topics covered include hy- giene, mental health, preventive care, alternative medicine, and careers in health care. Sidebar boxes within entries provide information on related x Body By Design issues, while over 150 black-and-white illustrations help illuminate the text. Healthy Living also features a cumulative index. Reader’s Guide Acknowledgments A note of appreciation is extended to the Body by Design advisors, who provided invaluable suggestions when this work was in its formative stages: Carole Branson Seminar Science Teacher Wilson Middle School San Diego, California Bonnie L. Raasch Media Specialist Vernon Middle School Marion, Iowa Doris J. Ranke Science Teacher West Bloomfield High School West Bloomfield, Michigan I would like to express my deep appreciation to occupational therapist Diane Collins for her close reading of the material and her insightful com- ments and suggestions. Thanks are also extended to Tom Romig, U•X•L Publisher, for giving me words of encouragement at a crucial point during the project. Finally, my debts on this project are great, but none is greater than to my editor, Elizabeth Des Chenes. Without her unflagging support and guidance, this work would not have come to fruition. It has been a collaborative effort, and I proudly share the cover with her. Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on Body by Design: From the Digestive Sys- tem to the Skeleton.Please write: Editors, Body by Design,U•X•L, 27500 Drake Rd., Farmington Hills, Michigan, 48331–3535; call toll free: 1–800–877– 4253; fax: 248–414–5043; or send e-mail via http://www.galegroup.com. Body By Design xi Please Read: Important Information Body by Design is a medical reference product designed to inform and educate readers about the human body. U•X•L believes this product to be comprehensive, but not necessarily definitive. While U•X•L has made substantial efforts to provide information that is accurate and up to date, U•X•L makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including with- out limitation, warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular pur- pose, nor does it guarantee the accuracy, comprehensiveness, or timeliness of the information contained in this product. Readers should be aware that the universe of medical knowledge is con- stantly growing and changing, and that differences of medical opinion exist among authorities. They are also advised to seek professional diagnosis and treatment for any medical condition, and to discuss information obtained from this book with their health care provider. xiii