USPAS Cyclotrons June 2011 Timothy Koeth [email protected] Thank you to: Timothy Antaya, MIT Timothy Ponter, IBA Starting notes • This is the foundation for a week-long cyclotron course. Please, help me make it better: – Feed back during and after – What would you like to hear more about ? • Trying to couple theory with real life examples – Practical and engineering questions ? Cyclotrons - Outline • Why Cyclotrons in 2011 ? • Brief History • How the cyclotron works – Theory – Components – Examples • Types of cyclotrons & Examples – Classical “Lawrence Cyclotron” – Synchrocyclotron – Azimuthally Varying Field & Isochronous Cyclotrons • “Secrets of the trade” as we go Why ? • Many applications – High Energy Physics: Daedalus Neutrino Expt • 1 MW @ 1 GeV (state of the art) – Medical applications • Isotope production for treatment and diagnostics (Tc-99 problem) • Direct beam cancer therapy (95% success with 250 MeV proton eye treatment) – Power Applications • Accelerator driven systems • Transmutation of long lived waste – Security • NNSA active interrogation – looking for fissile materials – Industrial needs • 4 Billion $$$/year industry, > 50% is in the cyclotron business • Cost & Efficiency – Cyclotrons are the best deal around ! – State-of-the-art 9T (250 MeV) synchrocyclotron ~ 1M$  0.4 cents per MeV (to use an equivalent SC Linac would be about 1M$/MeV) – Total Power Requirement~ 100 kW • Educational Value – priceless! “They’re the coolest type of particle accelerator” - Prof. Mark Yuly, Physics Chair of Houghton College In perspective “Read this book and you will learn all that there is to accelerator physics” – former prof. “Build one of these, and you will experience [almost] all there is of accelerator physics” - TWK SOMETHING FOR EVERYONE Applicable to all of accelerator physics Timothy Antaya Focusing, Resonances, Phase Diagram: Phase Space Evolution, Beam Space-Charge Challenges Physics Technology Applications Magnets, RF, HV, Ion Sources Basic Science, Medicine, Security… “Start the Ball Rolling” 1927: Lord Rutherford requested a “copious supply” of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles. At the opening of their High Tension Laboratory, Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal: What we require is an apparatus to give us a potential of the order of 10 million volts which can be safely accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power. We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltage… I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical.1 MANY FAILED ATTEMPTS Just one example: 1928: Curt Urban, Arno Brasch, and Fritz Lange successfully achieved 15 MV by harnessing lightning in the Italian Alps ! survived The two who the experiment went on to design an accelerator tube capable of withstanding that voltage. Wideroe Linac 1929: Rolf Wideroe R. Wideroe proposed an accelerator by using an alternating voltage across several accelerating “gaps.” It was not without myriad of problems - Focusing of the beam - Vacuum leaks - Oscillating high voltages - Length - Imagination His professor refused any further work because it was “sure to fail.” Never the less, thankfully Wideroe still published his idea in Archiv fur Electrotechnic Wideroe in the 1960’s having the last laugh… Ernest Orlando Lawrence 1909 – 1958 (2 hours shy of 17 years before I was born) In April 1929, UC Berkley‟s youngest Physics professor happened across Archiv fur Electrotechnic. Not able to read German he just looked at the diagrams and pictures of the journal. Immediately after seeing Wideroe’s schematic, Ernest fully comprehended it’s implications.