T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services Tilo Westermann User Acceptance of Mobile Notifications T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services Series editors Sebastian Möller, Berlin, Germany Axel Küpper, Berlin, Germany Alexander Raake, Berlin, Germany More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10013 Tilo Westermann User Acceptance of Mobile fi Noti cations 123 Tilo Westermann Quality & Usability Lab TelekomInnovation Laboratories Institute of Software Engineering andTheoreticalComputer Science, Berlin Institute of Technology Berlin Germany ISSN 2192-2810 ISSN 2192-2829 (electronic) T-Labs Series in Telecommunication Services ISBN978-981-10-3850-1 ISBN978-981-10-3851-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3851-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017930420 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#22-06/08GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore The smartphone revolution is under-hyped, more people have access to phones than access to running water. We’ve never had anything like this before since the beginning of the planet. — Marc Lowell Andreessen, founder of Netscape Acknowledgements On completion of my dissertation I would like to sincerely thank all those who supported mein realizing and finishing my work. Over thepastyears, I have been fortunate to work together with great colleagues, of whom some turned into good friends, who made the time at the Quality and Usability Lab of TU Berlin an outstanding experience. Foremost, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my principal supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, you have been a tremendous mentorforme.Thankyouforyourcontinuoussupportoverthecourseoftheyears! This thesis would not have been possible without you. I would also like to thank my committee members, Prof. Dr. Georg Essl and Prof. Dr. Thorsten Staake. I highly appreciate your agreement to and commitment on co-examining my thesis. AsignificantpartofthisworkresultedfromtheclosecooperationwithDr.-Ing. Ina Wechsung, who has always been a great and discerning colleague. Thank you for introducing me to the world of statistical analysis and not getting tired of questions. I will always cherish the memories shared with my colleagues Florian Hinterleitner, Justus Beyer, Benjamin Bähr, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Ahrens, Dr. Benjamin Weiss, and Stefan Hillmann. From foosball to kitesurfing, these memories will surely remain. Thank you also to Irene Hube-Achter, Yasmin Hillebrenner, and Tobias Hirsch for the organizational support. You are doing a great job! Many thanks to all the students, whom I had the pleasure to supervise for their own theses and who worked with me as student assistants. Ofcourse,notonlypeoplecloselyrelatedtomyworksupportedmeinrealizing this thesis. Dr.-Ing. Aubrey Schmidt, who initially established the contact to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Sebastian Möller, which eventually led to my Diploma thesis at the QualityandUsabilityLab,hasbeenaconstantsourceofinspiration.Thankyoufor proofreading this thesis and providing valuable feedback. Also thanks to Joshua Marr and Christoph Szeppek, who voluntarily read parts of this work. vii viii Acknowledgements Finally, nothing would have been possible without my family. I am infinitely grateful for your support over the years. And Daniela, thank you for giving me so much support and understanding. Contents Part I Introduction and Motivation 1 Introduction ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 3 1.1 Challenges and Motivation . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5 1.2 Research Questions .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 5 1.3 Thesis Outline .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 6 Part II Background 2 Background and Related Work .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9 2.1 Mobile Human-Computer Interaction . .... .... .... ..... .... 9 2.1.1 Limitation of Attention .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 9 2.1.2 Information Processing .. .... .... .... .... ..... .... 10 2.2 Technical Background ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 12 2.2.1 Permission Models on Smartphones: Accessing Protected Resources .... .... .... ..... .... 13 2.2.2 Mechanisms for Notifications on Smartphones ..... .... 14 2.3 Research Methodology .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 17 2.3.1 Leveraging Mobile Application Stores ... .... ..... .... 18 2.3.2 Methodically Related Studies .. .... .... .... ..... .... 21 2.3.3 Methodically Related Frameworks .. .... .... ..... .... 23 2.3.4 Ethics ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 24 2.4 Related Work .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 26 2.4.1 General Usage of Mobile Phones and Smartphones .. .... 26 2.4.2 Warnings and Permission Requests . .... .... ..... .... 29 2.4.3 Adaptation of Settings on Smartphones .. .... ..... .... 32 2.4.4 Notifications and Interruptions . .... .... .... ..... .... 33 2.5 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 38 ix x Contents Part III Technical Framework 3 Framework and Testbed for Tracing Mobile Application Usage .. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43 3.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 43 3.2 Prerequisites ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 44 3.3 Mobile Applications: Native, Web, and Hybrid Solutions ... .... 45 3.3.1 Native Applications . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45 3.3.2 Mobile Web Applications .... .... .... .... ..... .... 45 3.3.3 Hybrid Applications . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46 3.3.4 Design Decision: Constraints and Requirements .... .... 46 3.4 Conceptual Framework .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 46 3.4.1 Tracing Mobile Application Usage . .... .... ..... .... 47 3.4.2 Gathering User Feedback . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 50 3.4.3 Recording Interaction with Notifications on a System-Wide Level . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 52 3.4.4 Summary .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 53 3.5 Domain-Specific Mobile Applications . .... .... .... ..... .... 54 3.5.1 Sense4En .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 54 3.5.2 QUe .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 56 3.5.3 Klügste Nacht ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 58 3.6 Summary .. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 59 Part IV Studies 4 Global Analysis of User Behavior in the Field . .... .... ..... .... 63 4.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63 4.2 Methodology ... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63 4.2.1 Participants .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 63 4.2.2 Procedure .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 64 4.3 General Application Usage . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 67 4.4 Notification Handling ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 69 4.4.1 Factors Influencing Seen Time . .... .... .... ..... .... 70 4.4.2 Factors Influencing Notification Handling .... ..... .... 72 4.4.3 The Role of Notification Presentation ... .... ..... .... 73 4.4.4 Annoying Notifications & Stress ... .... .... ..... .... 73 4.4.5 The Influence of Notifications on Application Usage . .... 76 4.5 Discussion . .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 77 4.6 Conclusion .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 78 5 Permission Requests and Notification Settings . .... .... ..... .... 81 5.1 Introduction .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 81 5.2 Study B: Notification Settings Across Categories .... ..... .... 82 5.2.1 Introduction .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 82 5.2.2 Methodology . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 82