The Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: A Partially Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Pamela S. Showalter1 and Matthew Ramspott2, with additional contributions by Dave Morton3, Linda Prosperie4, and Louis Walter5 Published by The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University (SWT) San Marcos, Texas 78666 Occasional Paper No. 1 June 1999 1- Assistant Professor, SWT; 2 - Masters student, SWT; 3 - Librarian, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center, University of Colorado, Boulder; 4 - Doctoral student, SWT; 5 -Research Professor, Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management, George Washington University Additional hard copies of this annotated bibliography are available at the cost of reproduction and shipping, which is currently $10.00 each (inside the US). Extra shipping costs for international orders will be assessed on an ―as ordered‖ basis (please contact the Lovell Center before placing international orders). Price increases due to changes in US postage rates may occur. For orders inside the US, checks or money orders should be made out to the Department of Geography and requests for the copies sent to: The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research 601 University Drive Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666 Please note that we cannot accept credit card orders or fill orders without receiving payment in advance. THE JAMES AND MARILYN LOVELL CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHY AND HAZARDS RESEARCH Geography has always been about exploration and the environment. The pinnacle of scientific exploration in the 20th Century was NASA's Apollo program. On Apollo 8, Astronauts Lovell, Borman, and Anders showed all of humanity how truly fragile and precious the earth's environment is with their photograph of the "Blue Marble in Space," which remains one of the most enduring images of the Apollo program. During the Apollo 13 mission, Captain Lovell and his crew captured the attention of the entire world as they brought their crippled spacecraft back to earth, illustrating the type of courage and daring needed to explore unknown environments. The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research recognizes Jim Lovell as an inspiration for global exploration and environmental science and Marilyn Lovell for her unwavering support of her husband and his extraordinary vision. The Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research provides a focus for geographers with interests in Environmental Geography, and Natural and Technological Hazards. The Center provides a locus of scholarship and activity emphasizing the importance of understanding the Earth’s environment, analyzing and reducing the impacts of natural and technological hazards, and achieving sound policy formulation on these issues. Center activities include convening and sponsoring conferences on critical issues in the fields of environmental geography and hazards research; publishing plenary papers from such conferences in special issues of renowned international journals (the first such issue, the plenary papers of a Conference on Environmental Geography, will be published in the nationally recognized journal Physical Geography in 1999); serving as a clearing-house of information on environmental geography and hazards issues; offering research and office space, and an in-house library for the use of visiting scholars; and fostering the next generation of environmental geographers through the Department of Geography’s Ph.D. program in Environmental Geography. The Center also sponsors faculty and student luncheons within the department, providing opportunities for collegiality, talks by faculty or students, and discussion of issues that affect the Center. For more information, contact the Center at: 601 University Drive Department of Geography Southwest Texas State University San Marcos, Texas 78666 FAX: (512) 245-9140 or visit our website at: http://www.geo.swt.edu/lovell/center_front.html ii Lovell Center Scholars and Research Interests R. Denise Blanchard-Boehm (Ph.D. Colorado-Boulder, 1992): mitigation and preparedness behavior, recovery planning and policy as it relates to future disasters, and environmental hazards in Texas and the borderlands. David R. Butler (Ph.D. Kansas, 1982): landslides, snow avalanches as hazards, geomorphic hazards that have developed as a result of twentieth-century global warming, and the hazards produced by natural dam failures (e.g., landslide, avalanche, glacial, volcanic, and beaver). Richard Dixon (Ph.D. Texas A&M, 1996): weather and climate related hazards, identification of threshold values at which warnings need to be provided to communities. J. Ronald Eyton (Ph.D. University of Illinois-Urbana, 1974): environmental applications of remote sensing, digital terrain modeling, computer cartography, and quantitative methods. Robert Larsen (Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1976): identification of waste sites and waste management, urban planning, application of GIS for mapping and delineating surface and subsurface hazard zones associated with waste sites in Texas. Susan Macey (Ph.D. University of Illinois-Urbana, 1982): human impact of natural hazards, use of geographic information systems (GIS) for environmental applications, spatial patterns and correlates of elderly heat and cold related mortality. Pamela S. Showalter (Ph.D. Colorado-Boulder, 1993): use of remote sensing in disaster research/analysis, ―na-tech‖ events, risk communication. David Stea (Ph.D. Stanford, 1964): applications of environmental cognition to environmental geography and environmental epidemiology in the U.S./Mexico Border region. John Tiefenbacher (Ph.D. Rutgers, 1992): spatial patterns of chemical contamination of the environment, air quality, and environmental problems along the U.S. - Mexico border. F. Benjamin Zhan (Ph.D. SUNY-Buffalo, 1994): utilization of GIS in waste management decision-making. TABLE OF CONTENTS The James and Marilyn Lovell Center for Environmental Geography and Hazards Research i Center Scholars and Research Interests ii Introduction 1 Description of Material Found in the Bibliography 1 An Invitation to Authors 2 The Use of Remote Sensing in Detecting and Analyzing Natural Hazards and Disasters, 1972-1998: A Partially Annotated Bibliography 6 List of Tables Table 1. Hazards and General Associated Utility of Remotely Sensed Data 3 Table 2. Hazards Addressed in this Bibliography 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Frequency with which Topics Addressed in Bibliography, as a Percent 5 Figure 2. Yearly Count of Articles Found in Bibliography 5 Appendices Appendix A. Publications Outlets Represented in Bibliography 97 Appendix B. Glossary of Acronyms 101 INTRODUCTION This partially annotated bibliography was created to demonstrate the extent to which satellite remote sensing has been used in disaster analysis and management. Satellite images can help detect and monitor geophysical hazards, predict or warn of impact, manage emergencies, and improve planning to reduce human vulnerability (Alexander 1991). Contrary to what laypeople may presume regarding satellite images and their use in a disaster context, obtaining real-time or near real-time imagery is not necessarily the goal for hazards analysis. Rather, the technology can help define areas of potential exposure to hazards as well as ways to prevent or mitigate the effects of those hazards. Therefore, the use of remote sensing in disaster mitigation, analysis, and planning is often a question of identifying change on the surface of the earth. Fortunately, because of the length of time Landsat has been in orbit (the first Landsat satellite was launched as ERTS-1 in 1972), there is a large body of image data available that can provide the temporal perspective necessary to perform change detection (Organization of American States 1991). The information contained herein can be used by scholars pursuing various avenues of research as well as by environmental managers who wish to familiarize themselves with the technology. The latter group "should have a working knowledge of remote sensing techniques and the capability to assess the validity of an interpretation, as well as the ability to use the derived information‖ (Organization of American States 1991, p. 4-4), whether or not they plan to personally perform image analysis. DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL FOUND IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY Generally, four types of satellite orbit the earth: communication, meteorological, remote sensing, and geophysical (Walter, 1989). This bibliography focuses on articles using commercial, terrestrial satellite remote sensing systems such as Landsat because imagery from such systems are increasingly used for research and are commercially available at a reasonable price. While articles describing the use of images from meteorological satellites (whose scale of imagery is usually too small for land management applications), radar (whose images non-specialists can find difficult to comprehend), and conventional photography are sometimes included, they have purposefully been kept to a minimum. The bibliography contains 405 references, 209 of which are annotated. Nearly all the articles were originally published in English. A list of the publications from which these references have been obtained can be found in Appendix A. Whenever possible, publications were searched for material from 1972 to 1998. In some cases the year of publication is either unknown (these are indicated by ―ND‖ for ―no date‖), or the date is unclear, in which case the year is followed by a question mark. Additionally, because of the sometimes bewildering number of acronyms commonly used in remote sensing, Appendix B provides a glossary of acronyms found in some of the references and pertinent to the field. 2 To further assist scholars and environmental managers, Table 1 provides a general overview of different types of hazards addressed, sensors used to study them, types of data the sensors acquire, and the types of hazards analyses that have been performed. Table 2 displays the number of articles addressing specific hazard topics that can be found in this bibliography. (The heading ―general‖ in Table 2 refers to ―overview‖ papers on the topic and address a number of different types of hazard and hazard analyses.) Figure 1 illustrates the frequency with which the hazards described in Table 2 are found in the bibliography (having been reduced into eight categories). Within these categories, mass movement includes references to: avalanches, landslides, mass movements, mountain hazards, and slope instability. Erosion incorporates references to: coastal erosion and erosion. Tropical storms includes: cyclones, hurricanes, tropical storms, and typhoons. Agricultural includes: agricultural hazards, crop hazards, drought, and locusts. Tectonic includes: earthquake, tsunami, and volcanic hazards. General includes: ―overview‖ papers that address a number of different types of hazard and hazard analyses. Other Storms includes: extreme rainfall, flood, tornado, river ice, and snow. Fire includes: fire, forest fire, wildfire, and smoke plumes. And, Flood includes: floods, flood plains, and inundation. Finally, Figure 2 illustrates the number of papers published per year that are found in this bibliography. AN INVITATION TO AUTHORS As stated earlier, every attempt was made to locate articles published between 1972 and 1998 from each of the publications found in Appendix A. However, constraints of time as well as the inaccessibility of some publications (especially in the case of symposia, conference, and workshop proceedings) ensures that this bibliography is not yet complete. Since the goal is to provide as much data as possible to those who will be acquiring this bibliography for the purpose of research and information, two favors are asked of our fellow scholars: if you have written an article or articles pertinent to the topic and do not find yourself represented in this bibliography, please send a copy (or copies) of your material to the Lovell Center, or e-mail your citation information (see below), and if you are listed here and locate an error or errors in your citation and/or annotation, please send your correction(s) to the Center. Information can be mailed to Dr. Showalter in care of the Lovell Center (address on title page), or e-mailed to her at [email protected]. Upon receipt of new information, addendum pages will initially be printed on loose sheets of paper to include with currently printed copies of the bibliography. Each subsequent reprinting of the bibliography will include all new references and corrections as part of the regular listings. By continually updating the listings in this manner, it is hoped that all scholars who used remote sensing in natural disaster analysis and published their results between 1972 and 1998 will eventually be found in this bibliography. Whether or not this goal can be met is now largely in the hands of those who read this invitation. Table 1. Hazards and General Associated Utility of Remotely Sensed Data. (Adapted from Wadge, 1993, p. 10) Hazard Sensor Type of Data Purpose Storms Geostationary satellites Global, 5km resolution, every ½-hr; cloud, water vapor Weather forecasting Polar-orbiting satellites Global, 1km resolution, every 6 hours; clouds, temps Storm tracking, weather forecasting Ground-based VLF Global, time and position of lightning Storm tracking Floods Landsat, SPOT, NOAA NIR discrimination of land/water Flood extent mapping Radar (e.g., ERS-1) Water content from backscatter for soil/snow Runoff/snowmelt models Ground-based radar Rainfall intensity Weather forecasting/ runoff models Earthquakes Satellite/airborne radar Interferometric mapping of surface deformation Prediction* Differential GPS Point monitoring of surface deformation Prediction* Landsat, SPOT, Fuyo-1 Detection of topographic evidence for faults & offsets Estimate of earthquake recurrence Volcanic NOAA, TOMS Eruption plume height, motion, and gases Aircraft warning, eruption monitoring Eruptions Landsat TM Size and temperature of emitted radiation Eruption precursor/ monitoring Satellite/airborne radar Deformation of volcano surface Eruption precursor/ monitoring Drought/ Meteosat, NOAA Cloud temperatures and vegetation indices African storm warnings, drought monitoring, Pests & pest migration prediction Fires NOAA Night-time thermal emissive anomalies provide Wildfire monitoring temperature and size of fires Landslides SPOT Topography from stereopairs Landslide inventory, susceptibility mapping Landsat Spectral character of landslide surface expression Mapping * An asterisk is placed next to ―prediction‖ for earthquakes because, using current techniques, is it not possible to reliably predict earthquakes. 4 Table 2. Hazards Addressed in this Bibliography HAZARD # ARTICLES HAZARD # ARTICLES ADDRESSING (Continued) ADDRESSING HAZARD HAZARD Agricultural Hazards 3 Landslide 12 Anthropogenic Hazards 1 Locusts 1 Avalanche 4 Mass Movement 1 Coastal Erosion 1 ―Mountain Hazards‖ 3 Cyclone 1 River Ice 1 Drought 5 Slope Instability 1 Earthquake 22 Smoke Plume 1 Erosion 8 Snow 1 Extreme Rainfall 3 Tornado 1 Flood 143 Tropical Storms 1 Fire 18 Tsunami 2 Forest Fire 2 Typhoon 1 General 75 Volcano 91 Hurricane 5 Wildfire 7