O SPREY Warrior PUBLISHING US Army Infantryman in Vietnam 1965 – 73 Gordon L Rottman Illustrated by Kevin Lyles • Warrior • 98 US Army Infantryman in Vietnam 1965–73 Gordon L Rottman Illustrated by Kevin Lyles • CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 CHRONOLOGY 5 CONSCRIPTION AND ENLISTMENT 6 TRAINING 11 Basic Combat Training • Military rank and pay • After graduation APPEARANCE 21 Grubby in the bush WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT 27 Gear in ’Nam • Weapons in ’Nam WELCOME TO VIETNAM … FNG 41 BELIEF AND BELONGING 44 Drug culture • Rest and recreation • Relations in the ranks • Maintaining the esprit de corps THE BOONIES: ON CAMPAIGN 49 FIREFIGHT: EXPERIENCE IN BATTLE 52 THE REAL WORLD: AFTERMATH OF BATTLE 55 COLLECTIONS, MUSEUMS, AND REENACTMENT 57 WEBSITES 58 BIBLIOGRAPHY 59 COLOR PLATE COMMENTARY 60 INDEX 64 US ARMY INFANTRYMAN IN VIETNAM 1965–73 INTRODUCTION T he image of the infantryman busting through the brush, startlingly young, gaunt, sunburned and often looking oddly clean as grime was sweated off, is what most often comes to mind when Vietnam is mentioned. Of the hundreds of thousands of troops deployed in Vietnam, it was the light infantryman, the 11B1, who bore the heaviest burdens of a distant, controversial war. Commonly called an “11 Bravo,” “11 Bush,” “11 Bang,” “11 Bullet-stopper,” “ground-pounder”, or “crunchy” (for crunching through the brush), the infantryman was more often simply called a “grunt” – from the the sound a soldier makes when hoisting a rucksack on to his back or rising to his feet, helped by a buddy. Vietnam was truly an infantryman’s war, in which he fought an elusive, dedicated, and crafty enemy in a wide range of environments, from forested mountains, open plains, rolling triple-canopy jungles, to vast delta swamps. Eighty-one infantry battalions of all types fought in a harsh environment with frequently changing weather conditions. While it was mostly hot and humid, infantrymen could also be inundated with endless rains or even chilly nights. Not all infantrymen “busted brush” through the jungle, at least not all the time. Many rode in, or, more accurately, on, armored personnel carriers, and all rode in helicopters – some more than others. Others were transported by heavily armed river assault craft; still others were paratroopers. But these were merely the delivery means – all infantrymen spent time with “boots on the ground.” Their experiences differed depending on the type of unit they were assigned to, where they served, and when. It was a long, evolving war, and the life of the infantryman in Vietnam was extremely harsh, brutal, and mind numbing. Endless days in the “boondocks” (rough or isolated country) Reception Station, US Army Training Center, Infantry, Ft Polk, LA. Recruits would see signs bearing the shoulder-sleeve insignia of units in Vietnam all over the training center as a means of instilling esprit de corps. 1 11B is the military occupation specialty code for light infantryman. The first “1” means combat arms, the second 4 “1” infantry, and the “B” light infantryman, a rifleman. Prior to 1965 the MOS code was 11100. in what they called the “lost year,” a year out of their lives away from home and family, was a year lost to a cause few understood and many questioned. The Vietnam infantryman was a product of his society, as are all soldiers, but the political atmosphere, the sudden and sweeping changes in American culture, and the complex and confusing nature of the war made the American infantryman a very different kind of soldier than found in other American wars. Although the US was militarily involved in Vietnam to an increasing degree from the early 1950s, infantry units were not deployed until 1965 and then rapidly increased. Units began to withdraw in 1969, and most Inspections were conducted on combat units were gone by late 1971, with the last to leave a year later. Saturday mornings. While most It has recently become popular in some political circles, even those were in the barracks, an occasional “full field layout that in the past shunned or even despised them, to be supportive of inspection” was conducted. The veterans of the Vietnam War. This is one reason why this book is so “pup tent” was assembled by important at this point in time – to provide a means of understanding buttoning two shelter halves what the grunt endured and what his life was like, which transcends together, one carried by each one’s view of the war or political affiliation. soldier, along with a three- section tent pole and five tent stakes. These were seldom used in Vietnam, as soldiers had to CHRONOLOGY 1954–75 make do with ponchos. July 21, 1954 Vietnam divided at the 17th Parallel as the French withdraw. March 1955 First US military advisors arrive in Vietnam. January 1959 North Vietnam issues resolution that changes its “political struggle” in South Vietnam to an “armed struggle.” May 1959 North Vietnam begins major improvements on the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply its struggle in the south. December 1960 National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) formed. February 6, 1962 Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) formed to control all US armed forces in RVN (Republic of South Vietnam). November 22, 1963 President John F. Kennedy is assassinated. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president. June 20, 1964 Gen William Westmoreland assumes command of MACV. August 2–4, 1964 Destroyers USS Maddoxand C.Turner Joyallegedly attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. August 7, 1964 US Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to counter North Vietnamese aggression. November 3, 1964 Johnson elected president. February 7, 1965 VC attacks US installations in Pleiku. Johnson authorizes air attacks on North Vietnam, which commence on February 24. March 8, 1965 First US Marine ground combat troops arrive in RVN. April 6, 1965 US ground troops authorized to conduct offensive operations. May 7, 1965 First US Army conventional ground combat troops arrive in RVN: 173d Airborne Brigade. July 30, 1965 US Army, Vietnam (USARV) is formed to control Army forces. September 11, 1965 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) arrives in RVN. October 2, 1965 1st Infantry Division arrives in RVN. March 28, 1966 25th Infantry Division arrives in RVN. September 25, 1966 4th Infantry Division arrives in RVN. December 16, 1966 9th Infantry Division arrives in RVN. September 25, 1967 AMERICAL2Division activated in RVN. 5 2 The AMERICAL Division was formed in World War II; its name was derived from ‘Americans in New Caledonia’ November 19, 1967 101st Airborne Division arrives in RVN. December 1967 Anti-war protests increase in the US. January 30, 1968 VC and NVA initiate Tet Offensive, which ends on February 26. March 16, 1968 My Lai massacre. March 31, 1968 US government announces de-escalation of its war effort and halts bombing of North Vietnam. May 12, 1968 Peace talks begin in Paris. July 1, 1968 Gen Creighton Abrams assumes command of MACV and Gen Westmoreland becomes Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. November 6, 1968 Richard M. Nixon is elected president. June 8, 1969 US initiates Vietnamization Program to completely turn the war effort over to RVN forces. November 16, 1969 My Lai massacre is publicly revealed. April 29, 1970 Offensive operations into Cambodia to neutralize NVA/VC sanctuaries. November 7, 1970 Nixon is re-elected. January 15, 1973 US announces halt of all offensive ground actions. January 27, 1973 Ceasefire agreement is signed in Paris and US conscription ceases. March 29, 1973 Final US troops are withdrawn from RVN, and MACV is disbanded. August 9, 1974 Nixon resigns and is replaced by Gerald Ford. April 29, 1975 US Embassy in Saigon is evacuated. April 30, 1975 Saigon falls to NVA forces. CONSCRIPTION AND ENLISTMENT The draft, or, officially, Universal Military Service, had been a fact of American life since before World War II. How the possibility of involuntary military service sat with young men varied greatly. Some strongly opposed it; others viewed it as something necessary, if unpleasant; most thought little about it until being surprised when called to the colors. It was a period that saw perhaps the most sweeping changes ever to American society and culture, a disjointed revolution of sorts: civil rights for minorities, women’s rights and the feminist movement, the drug subculture, the so-called sexual revolution, the Hippie subculture (not as widespread as imagined), and the growing anti-war movement. Motion pictures, television, and popular music “spread the word” of new ideas as never before. It was a period of youthful defiance. It became popular to disdain patriotism, distrust the government, and question authority. Race and anti-war protests, as well as protests against just about everything else in society, were widespread, ranging from peaceful demonstrations to boycotts to sit-ins to vicious riots requiring National Guard and even active Army suppression. These actually involved only a small percentage of Americans. The Selective Service Act required all males to register for conscription on reaching 18, making them eligible for the draft until 27. At the beginning of US ground combat in 1965 less than one-third of the Army was composed of conscripts. Of the 9,087,000 men and women of all armed services serving during the Vietnam War (1964–73), 2,594,000 were actually deployed in Vietnam. Only 1,766,910 of those serving throughout the world were drafted, with most going into the Army and fewer than 42,700 into the Marine Corps; the Navy and Air 6 Force did not accept draftees. The numbers of draftees serving in A C-ration lunch was standard fare when training in the field. In Vietnam infantrymen would live on Cs for weeks on end. Here cartons of milk were issued with the Cs, or “meal, combat, individual.” These trainees wear the old black-on-OD US Army and black-on-white nametapes. By 1967 black-on-OD versions of both were being worn in Vietnam and Stateside. combat units varied over time. In 1965, after the first ground combat units were introduced, it was about 20 percent. At the time the withdrawal began it was almost 70 percent. Upon turning 18, individuals reported to their local draft board, filled out a classification questionnaire, and underwent a pre-induction physical to determine their status and eligibility for deferments or exemption. The over 4,000 draft boards were assigned monthly quotas. There was a complex system of deferments and exemptions based on physical qualifications, education, essential employment situations, family hardships, and religious beliefs. Some played the system, but most made little or no effort to do so, not knowing what to do or simply leaving things to fate. Essential employment included law enforcement officers, firemen, medical professionals, teachers, ministers and divinity students, and certain categories of scientists and engineers. Married men with or without children, post-graduate students, men caring for elderly parents, and other hardship situations, were usually given a lower priority I-A status, but by 1966 when the draft was increased to 30,000 a month such individuals began to be called. The peak year for induction was 1966 when new divisions, brigades, and support units were raised and existing units brought up to strength for Vietnam deployment: 382,000 were drafted. After that it was well over 200,000 per year until dropping off in 1970. A Class I-A classification meant eligibility for induction. I-C, D, O, S, W, and Y were deferments for police, ROTC, conscientious objectors, high-school students, conscientious objectors performing civil work, and those qualified only in time of declared war, respectively. II-A, B, and S were deferments for critical occupations, agricultural workers, and students. III-A was a deferment for extreme hardships or children. IV-A, B, C, D, and F were individuals with prior military service or a sole surviving son, government officials, resident aliens not liable for service, ministers or divinity students, and physically or mentally unqualified. Registrants received a Registration Certificate: the infamous “Draft Card.” If grades seriously dropped, a student could lose his deferment, and once a deferment was rescinded it could not be reapplied for. Upon graduation, college students lost their education deferment and were 7 just as eligible for the draft as an 18-year-old unemployed Black from Georgia. In fact, prior to 1967 they were even more likely to be drafted because draft boards selected the oldest first from their list of eligible 18–25-year-olds. This practice was reversed in June 1967 and 18-year- olds headed the list. This, it was felt, was less disruptive to the lives of younger men recently out of high school, who had not yet begun college, or had become established in jobs and careers, or had started families. In 1970, in an effort to improve fairness, a World War II-type lottery system was established. The first lottery was drawn on December 1, 1969 for 1970, when 366 capsules were drawn in random order and the dates announced in newspapers. Each date was assigned a number from 1 to 366 in the order drawn. I-As born between 1944 and 1950 were called in the order their birth date was drawn. This was repeated each year, with the age bracket moved up until the draft was cancelled in 1973. The issues of minorities and the poor are often broached when discussing combat service in Vietnam. It is true that the poor or lower middle class would more likely be assigned to the infantry, and a large percentage of minorities fell into that category. However, studies have shown that the numbers of minorities serving in combat The confidence course was yet units and killed in action were almost identical to the national another form of physical fitness, population percentage. In fact it was the service support units that but also built self-confidence and agility. Both it and obstacle typically possessed a higher percentage of Blacks. It was true, however, courses were run without that the better educated one was, the less chance there was of going to combat equipment to allow the Vietnam or being assigned to a combat unit. Only about 40 percent of necessary freedom of movement. college graduates went. Over 60 percent of high-school graduates went and fewer than 70 percent of the dropouts. Some volunteered for the draft. They had little better chance of receiving a non-combat assignment than other inductees, but they could time their induction, get their inevitable service out of the way, and get on with their lives. This was beneficial to those planning for college, pursuing a career, or starting a family. Conscription was for two years, followed by four years in the Standby Reserve after “separation” from active duty. Technically Standby Reservists were liable for call-up in the event of war or national emergency, but they were simply a manpower pool, were not assigned to Reserve units, and never mobilized. Once their six-year-military obligation had been fulfilled, they were “discharged” from the Army. Throughout the war, large numbers volunteered for the Regular Army and three years’ active duty. Numbers dwindled as the war dragged on. Obviously it was the route chosen by those seeking a military career. 8 Volunteering for the Regular Army also had benefits over waiting to be drafted. Volunteers could pick their MOS in a specialty skill, many of which were closed to two-year draftees, and were almost guaranteed exemption from combat if that was their desire. Almost 90 percent of the Army was assigned to non-combat positions. Volunteers not remaining in the Army after their three years’ active duty were assigned to the Standby Reserve, the same as draftees. A man could enlist at 17 with both parents’ permission, but the normal age was 18. Seventeen- year-olds could not be deployed to Vietnam. Over 1 million served in the National Guard and Organized Reserves during the war. As draft quotas sank after 1970, the numbers enlisting in the Guard and Reserves fell. This was another way to beat the draft, with waiting lists to join units. Joining the Army National Guard or Army Reserve meant six years assigned to a drilling unit. They undertook up to six months’ active duty training alongside Active Army trainees and returned home to carry on jobs or schooling. A Guard infantryman undertook roughly four months’ active training. He then attended one weekend drill a month and a two-week summer camp as well as occasional specialty or NCO schools. A Guardsman or Reservist missing three weekend drills could technically be assigned to active duty, though this was rare. Only a very small number of Guard and Reserve units were mobilized for active duty and fewer were deployed to Vietnam. Guardsmen and Reservists are often criticized for avoiding Vietnam or active duty, but such criticism is unjustified. Units in Europe, Korea, and elsewhere were often under-strength, and the US needed backup forces to discourage threats in other regions. Men volunteering for three years in the Regular Army enlisted through local Army Recruiting Stations. They could pick their MOS (military occupation specialty) based on their Armed Forces Classification Test (AFCT) scores. Test scores evaluated one’s aptitude in such areas as Clerical, Electronics, General Maintenance, Mechanical Maintenance, and Skilled Technical. The most important was the General Technical (GT) score, similar to an IQ score. An infantryman was required to achieve at least a 70 GT score, Special Forces 100, and Officer Candidate School 110. The tear gas chamber served to familiarize trainees with the effects of tear gas, or CS, but also taught them the value of the M17 protective mask’s proper use and demonstrated that it actually worked. The first step had the trainees enter the chamber wearing a mask, removing it, and reciting their name, rank, service number, and date of birth before being allowed to flee the building. CS was used extensively in Vietnam and it was essential that soldiers be familiar with its effects. 9 Many Blacks and Hispanics volunteered for the airborne, either because it was an opportunity to prove themselves or simply because it enabled them to send extra money home to their families. The GI Bill, paying for a college education once active service was completed, was a major motivator for many, regardless of ethnic group or social status. In the long run the GI Bill3 provided the country with a large number of more mature and educated citizens, many of whom would not have been able to obtain a degree without it. Volunteers could enlist via the Delayed Entrance Program, even while a high-school senior, and delay their entry up to six months. Delay time did not count toward their service obligation, but did count toward time in grade for promotion. They would take a physical prior to enlisting and then another when they reported for duty to ensure that they still met requirements. There was also a Buddy Program where two or more friends could enlist and be guaranteed to attend at least BCT (Basic Combat Training) together and perhaps AIT (advanced individual training) if they drew the same MOS. Draftees received an Order to Report for Armed Forces Physical Examination to assess their fitness as well as take the AFCT and other tests. The in-depth physical examination tested agility, sight, hearing, teeth, blood, chest, urine, etc. For a recruit to be assigned to a combat arms branch (infantry, armor, combat engineers – artillerymen were allowed a 2 for hearing) he was required to possess a physical profile 111111 meaning no physical limitations: a “picket fence profile.” The PULHES profile consisted of: P – Physical capacity or stamina, U – Upper extremities, L – Lower extremities, H – Hearing and ears, E – Eyes, and S – Psychiatric. When selected, inductees received an Order to Report for Induction, usually about a month before their reporting date. It began with, “GREETING: You are hereby ordered for induction into the Armed Forces of the United States, and to report at …” followed by the address of an Armed Forces Induction Station usually located in the Federal Building or main Post Office of a nearby large city. They would receive another physical, more tests, complete more forms, and wait. They were sworn in en masse – draftees, volunteers, Guardsmen, Reservists from all armed services – by an officer not necessarily from their assigned service. With right hand raised they pledged to defend America from all enemies, foreign and domestic, and to obey all lawful orders of those appointed over them. “Congratulations, you are a member of the Armed Forces of the United States.” For anyone thinking this would not happen to him, he had now entered reality. They had been told to bring three days’ clothes, toilet articles, $20, and their Social Security card (or to apply for one if they did not have it). Either that same day or the next they were on a chartered bus for one of seven infantry training centers – Ft Benning, GA; Ft Dix, NJ; Ft Gordon, GA; Ft Jackson, SC; Ft Ord, CA; Ft Polk, LA; Ft Riley, KS. Most had said their farewells to family and friends at home prior to reporting. They left the bus station without fanfare, a small suitcase or gym bag – what they learned to call an “AWOL bag”– in hand, full of apprehension. 3 The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, better known as the “GI Bill of Rights,” was instituted by President Franklin Roosevelt to assist veterans’ education and job training assistance; home, farm or business loans; 10 unemployment pay, job-finding assistance, and other post-discharge assistance.