World Urbanization 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° ARCTIC OCEAN 80° Greenland CSehaukchi Beaufort Sea BBafafyin (N(KDuaEnlaNaaa.l)tl)it Alaska (U.S.) ICELAND Percentage Urban Bering 60° Sea Hudson Bay (2010) Gulf of CANADA Labrador Sea Alaska Over 80 N O R T H 60–79 A M E R I C A S(Ft.R P.i)erre and Miquelon 40–59 40° UNITED STATES Azores (PORT.) 20–39 Bermuda (U.K.) ATLANTIC 0–19 Canary Islands (SP.) Gulf of OCEAN Tropic of Cancer MEXICO Mexico WSeashtearrna Hawaii (MOR.) 20° (U.S.) Caribbean Sea CAPE See Caribbean Inset VERDE SENEGAL GAMBIA GUINEA-BISSAU PACIFIC OCEAN VENEZUELA SURINAME SIERRA LEONE GUYANA French Guiana COLOMBIA (FR.) 0° Equator Galápagos Islands ECUADOR KIRIBATI (ECUADOR) BRAZIL Tokelau (N.Z.) PERU S O U T H Wallis and Futuna (FR.)SAMAmOAerican Samoa French(F PRo.l)ynesia A M E R I C A (U.S.) TONGA BOLIVIA 20° Cook Islands Niue (N.Z.) (N.Z.) Tropic of Capricorn PARAGUAY Pitcairn Islands (U.K.) ATLANTIC CHILE URUGUAY OCEAN ARGENTINA 40° 160° 140° Falkland Islands 90° UNITED 70° 60° (U.K.) STATES S(Uou.Kth.) Georgia Gulf of Mexico BAHAMAS ATLANTIC OCEAN 60° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40° 20° Tropic of Cancer TCuarickos s& Islands Antarctic Circle CUBA (U.K.) SOUTHERN OCEAN 20° MEXICO Cayman I(sUla.nKd.s) HAITI DREOPMUINBLICICAN (PRUuice.Sor.t)o British AVnirgguinil lIasl(aUnd.Ks.()U.K.)20° A N TA R C T I C A BELIZE JAMAICA Virgin SIsTla. nKdIsT(UTS.S .&) NEVIS ABANRTIBGUUDAA & 80° Montserrat Guadelupe(FR.) GUATEMALA Caribbean Sea (U.K.) DOMINICA HONDURAS Martinique(FR.) EL SALVADOR ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES ST. LUCIA NICARAGUA Aruba(NETH.) Curaçao(NETH.) BARBADOS GRENADA Bonaire(NETH.) TRINIDAD & TOBAGO 10° COSTA RICA 10° PANAMA VENEZUELA 90° COLOMBIA GUYANA 20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° ARCTIC OCEAN 80° (SNvOalRba.)rd East Siberian Sea Barents Sea Norwegian Sea Arctic Circle Faroe Islands (DEN.) NORWAYSWEDENFINLAND RUSSIA 60° NSoerath A S I A Lake OSkehao otsfk BSereiang E U R O P E Baikal See Europe Inset KAZAKHSTAN Aral Sea MONGOLIA Mediterranean Sea Black STSeUYaGARRERIKOMAEREYGNIIAACaASsZepEaiaRnBATIUJAURNZKBMEEKNISISTTAANN TKAYJIRKGISYTZASNTAN CHINA KSOO NURKOTEOHRARTEHAJaSopefaa n JAPAN 40° MOROCCO TUNISIA LEISBRAANEOLN JORDAINRAQ IRAN AFGHANISTAN East PACIFIC OCEAN ALGERIA LIBYA KUWAIT BAHRAIN PAKISTAN NEPALBHUTAN CSheinaa EGYPT QATAR Rrr.na) R ASRAAUBDIIA U.A.E. INDIABANGLADESHMYANMAR TAIWAN Tropic of Cancer NUAELLGMIUBAEINUREIRDAAI'CITVÔAOBTGINMEURHFIREAAAAKSNLOIANIATOBEGNONINIGNEICGRAAEIMAREFROORNCAHFCIRAEINCDCATRNA RALEP.SUSSUODDUAATNHN ETEedH RSeIaITORPEIAAYDESJIMOBEMONUATLIIAOMAN ArSaebaian SLRABIBNKeanAyg oafl(BURMTAH)ALILACAOANSMDBODVIIBAERTUNANCSEMSohIeuinathaPHILIPPINEPShiSliepapinePALMANaUroira(tGnU(hUaeu. Sr.IaSn.sm)..) FEODFME MRAAIRCWTSRHEaODkAeN LS IE(LTsUSlA aI.ISnSTA.dL)EASNDS 20° MALAYSIA SAOPR ETIQONUMCAEIGPT &EUOIRNIEAAL GABONCROETPNH. GEOOFDOEFMR T.W RHAEENPD.AUGABUNDRAUKNEDNIYA MALDIVIESNDIAN SINGAPORE PAPUA Equator NAURUKIRIBATI 0° CONGO TANZANIA SEYCHELLES OCEAN INDONESITIAMOR-LESTE NGEUWINEA S O L IOSLMAONNDS TUVALU ANGOLA COMOROSMayotte(FR.) Christmas Island ZAMBIAMALAWI Cocos (KIeselalinndgs) (AUSTRL.) Coral VANUATU St. Helena MADAGASCAR (AUSTRL.) Sea FIJI (U.K.) MOZAMBIQUE NAMIBIA ZIMBABWE MAURITIUS New 20° BOTSWANA R(éFuRni.o)n AU S T R A L I A Caled(FoRni.a) AUSTRALIA SWAZILAND SOUTH Norfolk Island AFRICA LESOTHO (AUSTRL.) Tasman NEW Sea ZEALAND 40° Meridian 00 1,0001,0020,000 Kilom2e,t0e0r0s Miles Ker(gFuRel.e)n Is. ° Prime 0° 20° 40° 60° SOUTH8E0°RN OC1E00°AN 60°1201°0° 1400°° NSoerath NDOERN1WM60AA°YRKSWEDE6N0R°USS2BIa0lAti°c SeaLFIITENHLSLATUAOTANVNNDIIIAAA RUSSIA NETHERALnAtaNrcDtiSc Circle IRELAND UNITED BELARUS KINGDOM GERMANY POLAND BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG A N TA R C T I C A 50° RECPZUEBCLHIC UKRAINE 80° LIECHTENSTEIN SLOVAKIA ATLANTIC FRANSWCIETZERLAND AUSTRIAHUNGARY MOLDOVA OCEAN SLOVENCRIAOATIA ROMANIA MONACO MARSIANON HERZBEOGSONVIIAN A&SERBIA ANDORRA ITALYMONTENEGRO KOBSUOVLOGARIA Black Sea VATICAN ALBANIAMACEDONIA 40° SPAIN CITY PORTUGAL GREECE TURKEY Mediterranean Sea 10° MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA MALTA 20° 3C0Y°PRUS Urbanization AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY Third Edition This page intentionally left blank Urbanization AN INTRODUCTION TO URBAN GEOGRAPHY Third Edition Paul L. Knox University Distinguished Professor and Senior Fellow for International Advancement College of Architecture & Urban Studies, Virginia Tech Linda McCarthy Associate Professor, Department of Geography University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montrẽal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Geography Editor: Christian Botting Marketing Manager: Maureen McLaughlin Project Editor: Anton Yakovlev Assistant Editor: Kristen Sanchez Editorial Assistant: Bethany Sexton Marketing Assistant: Nicola Houston Managing Editor, Production: Gina M. Cheselka Project Manager, Production: Edward Thomas Senior Technical Art Specialist: Connie Long Art Studio/Illustrations: Spatial Graphics/Kevin Lear Photo Manager, Research and Permissions: Maya Melenchuk Photo Researcher: Caroline Commins Text Permissions Project Manager: Beth Wollar Text Permissions: Warren Drabek Cover Design: Richard Whittaker, Seventeenth Street Studios Composition and Full Service: PreMediaGlobal/Jenna Gray Copyeditor: Gregory Teague Proofreader:Sara Gregg Manufacturing Buyer: Maura Zaldivar Front Cover Photo Credit: Photo of Shinjuku neighborhood, Tokyo. © 2011 PhotoLibrary.com Rear Cover Photo Credit: Dancing in Harajuku neighborhood, Tokyo. © Alamy. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page beginning on p. 441. Copyright © 2012, 2005, 1994 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Knox, Paul L. Urbanization : an introduction to urban geography / Paul L. Knox, Linda McCarthy. —3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-321-73643-7 1. Urban geography. 2. Urbanization. I. McCarthy, Linda (Linda Mary) II. Title. GF125.K56 2012 307.76—dc22 2011030227 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—EB—15 14 13 12 11 ISBN 10: 0-321-73643-5 www.pearsonhighered.com ISBN 13: 978-0-321-73643-7 CONTENTS Preface xi Urban Origins 23 About the Authors xiii Mesopotamia 23 Egypt 24 Part 1 Introduction 1 The Indus Valley 24 Chapter 1 URBANIZATION AND URBAN Northern China 24 GEOGRAPHY 3 The Andes and Mesoamerica 24 Learning Outcomes 3 Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 25 Chapter Preview 3 ◼ Urban View 2.2: Internal Structure of the Earliest Cities 25 The Study of Urban Geography 4 Urban Expansion from the Regions of Urban Origin 27 ◼ Urban View 1.1: The Art of Taking Back a Neighborhood: ◼ Urban View 2.3: The Silk Road: Long-Distance Trade The Heidelberg Project 4 and Urban Expansion 28 Space, Territoriality, Distance, and Place 5 The Roots of European Urban Expansion 29 Approaches to Urban Geography 6 Greek Cities 29 ◼ Urban View 1.2: Census Definitions 8 Roman Cities 30 Urbanization: Processes and Outcomes 9 Dark Ages 31 Economic Change 9 Urban Revival in Europe during Demographic Change 11 the Medieval Period 33 ◼ Urban View 1.3: Globalization and Cities 12 ◼ Urban View 2.4: Hanseatic League Cities 38 Political Change 12 Urban Expansion and Consolidation during the Renaissance and Baroque Periods 39 Cultural Change 13 Urbanization and the Industrial Revolution 40 Technological Change 13 ◼ Urban View 2.5: Manchester: Shock City of European Environmental Change 14 Industrialization 41 Social Change 14 ◼ Urban View 2.6: Residential Segregation in Mid-Nineteenth The Plan of the Book 14 Century Glasgow, Scotland 44 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 15 • Review Activities 15 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 44 • Review Activities 44 Part 2 Foundations and History Chapter 3 FOUNDATIONS: THE U.S. URBAN SYSTEM AND ITS CITIES 47 of Urbanization 17 Learning Outcomes 47 Chapter 2 THE ORIGINS AND GROWTH Chapter Preview 47 OF CITIES AND URBAN LIFE 19 ◼ Urban View 3.1: Frontier Urbanization and Some Learning Outcomes 19 Problems of Daily Life 48 Chapter Preview 19 Frontier Urbanization 48 The Definition of a City 20 The Mercantile Period (1790–1840) 50 ◼ Urban View 2.1: Bernal Diaz Del Castillo’s Description of ◼ Urban View 3.2: Vance’s Mercantile Model 51 Tenochtitlán in 1519 20 Inside the Mercantile City 51 Preconditions for Urbanization 22 THE PEDESTRIAN CITY 53 Theories of Urban Origins 22 MODELS OF THE MERCANTILE CITY 53 Agricultural Surplus 22 Early Industrial Expansion and Regional Realignment Hydrological Factors 22 (1840–1875) 53 Population Pressures 22 Some Principles of Urban Growth 55 Trading Requirements 22 Interpreting and Analyzing the Urban Hierarchy and the Central Place System 55 Defense Needs 23 THE RANK-SIZE RULE 55 Religious Causes 23 CENTRAL PLACE THEORY 57 A More Comprehensive Explanation 23 BEYOND CONSUMER HINTERLANDS 58 v vi Contents Inside the Early Industrial City 58 Suburban Production and Consumption Urbanization and the Public Interest 58 Spaces 95 ◼ Urban View 3.3: Immigrant Housing Conditions 59 Central City Land Use 95 Instruments of Change: Horsecars and Demographic and Social Change in Cities 96 Railroads 60 ◼ Urban View 4.2: The Canadian Urban System 97 HORSECARS 60 THE BABY BOOMERS AND URBAN CULTURE 98 RAILROADS 61 AGING POPULATIONS 98 The Organization of Industry (1875–1920) 62 THE BURDEN OF YOUTH 98 THE NEW IMMIGRANTS 98 The Industrial City 62 ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION AND THE REORGANIZATION ◼ Urban View 4.3: Boomerang Generation: Y Us? 99 OF URBAN SPACE 63 Economic crisis, Restructuring, and New Metropolitan FRAMING THE CITY: NETWORKED INFRASTRUCTURES 65 Form (1973–Present) 99 THE EMERGENCE OF LAND USE ZONING LAWS 66 Economic Crisis and Urban Distress THE SUBURBAN EXPLOSION: STREETCAR SUBURBS 67 (1973–1983) 99 RAPID TRANSIT 68 ◼ Urban View 4.4: Contemporary European Urbanization 100 MASS TRANSPORT AND REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT 69 Economic Restructuring and New Metropolitan Inside the Industrial City 69 Form (1983–Present) 102 CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICTS 70 DEPARTMENT STORES AND SHOPPING DISTRICTS 70 ◼ Urban View 4.5: Australian Cities 103 DOWNTOWN OFFICE DISTRICTS 70 World Cities 104 WAREHOUSE ZONES 71 Globalization and Urban Change 106 CITY HALLS AND CIVIC PRIDE 71 ◼ Urban View 4.6: Japanese Cities: Tokyo and the Tokaido THE SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF CBDS 71 Megapolitan Region 107 LAND VALUES AND URBAN LAND USE 72 The Polycentric Metropolis 107 SECTORS AND ZONES 73 FILTERING AND VACANCY CHAINS 74 The End of “Suburbia” 110 Fordism, the Automobile, Suburban Infill, and the ◼ Urban View 4.7: From Boomburbs to Bustburbs? 111 Great Depression (1920–1945) 74 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 112 • Review Activities 113 A Critical Turn for Urbanization: The Depression and Macroeconomic Management 75 Part 3 Urbanization and the Less The Rise of Suburbia 76 Developed Countries 115 Fordism 76 Paving the Way for Suburbanization 77 PARKWAYS 77 Chapter 5 URBANIZATION IN THE LESS THE DECLINE OF MASS TRANSIT 78 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 117 Patterns of Suburban Growth 78 Learning Outcomes 117 AUTOMOBILE SUBURBS 78 Chapter Preview 117 PLANNED SUBURBS 79 ◼ Urban View 5.1: The Dream of a Better Life as a Garment SUBURBANIZATION AND FEDERAL POLICY 82 Girl in Dhaka 118 SUBURBANIZATION OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY 83 Urbanization Trends and Projections: The Less NEW PATTERNS OF LAND USE 83 Developed Countries in Global Context 118 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 84 • Review Factors Promoting Urban Growth 122 Activities 84 ◼ Urban View 5.2: Fleeing the Countryside for Life in Chapter 4 URBAN SYSTEMS AND the City in Africa 123 CITIES IN TRANSITION 87 Theories of Urbanization and Economic Learning Outcomes 87 Development 123 Chapter Preview 87 Modernization Theories: The Developmental ◼ Urban View 4.1: Fast Food and Religion in the Exhaust Approach 123 of a Drive-in Culture 88 Urban Bias and Underdevelopment 125 Regional Decentralization and Metropolitan Sprawl ◼ Urban View 5.3: A Model of Peripheral Urbanization 127 (1945–1973) 88 New Models from the Less Developed Countries: Metropolitan Sprawl 90 Opportunities for Development 127 The Fordist Suburb 91 A Historical Perspective on Colonial Urbanization 127 Contents vii Indigenous Urbanization at the Eve of the Urban Problems 169 European Encounters 127 Poverty 169 Colonial Urbanization 129 ◼ Urban View 7.2: Defying Gender Stereotypes: Las Cholitas in Mercantile Colonialism 132 Bolivia 172 Industrial Colonialism 132 Inadequate Housing 172 Late Colonialism 133 Lack of Urban Services 174 Early Independence 133 ◼ Urban View 7.3: A Terrible Human Toll: HIV/AIDS in Sub- Saharan African Cities 176 Neocolonialism and the New International Division of Labor 134 Transportation Problems 177 Globalization and Neoliberalism 135 ◼ Urban View 7.4: How Rationing Can Backfire: The “Day Without a Car” Regulation in Overurbanization 135 Mexico City 178 Overurbanization and Megacities 135 Environmental Degradation 179 Widespread Overurbanization 135 Responses to the Problems of Urbanization 180 ◼ Urban View 5.4: The Harsh Realities of Life in a Megacity 136 Sustainable Urban Development 180 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 137 • Review Activities 137 The “Globalization Paradox” and Recent Changes in Urban Governance 181 Chapter 6 URBAN FORM AND LAND ◼ Urban View 7.5: Urban Social Movements and USE IN THE LESS DEVELOPED the Role of Women: Mahila Milan in COUNTRIES 139 Mumbai, India 183 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 184 • Review Activities 184 Learning Outcomes 139 Chapter Preview 139 Part 4 Processes of Urban Change 187 ◼ Urban View 6.1: Life in a Haiti Tent City 141 Patterns of Urban form and Land Use 141 Chapter 8 THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT Latin American Cities 141 PROCESS 189 African Cities 145 Learning Outcomes 189 Islamic Cities 148 Chapter Preview 189 ◼ Urban View 6.2: Fighting Racial Discrimination in South ◼ Urban View 8.1: Two Sides of the Housing Crisis: African Cities with Soccer? 149 Skateboarding and Foreclosure 190 ◼ Urban View 6.3: Towering Ambition in Persian Gulf Cities Property, Location, Rent, and Investment 190 and the Global Economic Downturn 153 ◼ Urban View 8.2: Global Financial Meltdown, Local South Asian Cities 154 Disinvestment 192 ◼ Urban View 6.4: A Day in the Life of a Call Center Worker Patterns of Investment in Land and in India 156 Property 194 Southeast Asian Cities 157 Property as a Financial Asset 194 ◼ Urban View 6.5: Shanghai, a World City and ”Dragon Head” The Structures of Building Provision 194 of China’s Economy 159 City Makers 194 East Asian Cities 159 LANDOWNERS 195 ◼ Urban View 6.6: Foreign Direct Investment and Regional SPECULATORS 196 Development in the Pearl River Delta, the DEVELOPERS 196 World’s Largest Extended Metropolitan BUILDERS 198 Region 163 CONSUMERS 199 FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 165 • Review Activities 165 REALTORS, FINANCIERS, OTHER PROFESSIONAL FACILITATORS 199 GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 199 Chapter 7 URBAN PROBLEMS AND Market Responses of the RESPONSES IN THE LESS Development Industry 200 DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 167 ◼ Urban View 8.3: Urban Development is Less and Less Learning Outcomes 167 a Local Activity 200 Chapter Preview 167 NEW PRODUCTS 201 ◼ Urban View 7.1: Narrowing the Digital Divide in Africa: FOLLOW UP: Key Terms 204 • Review Skipping Landlines for Cell Phones 168 Activities 204