Sudhakar Yedla Urban Transportation and the Environment Issues, Alternatives and Policy Analysis Urban Transportation and the Environment Sudhakar Yedla Urban Transportation and the Environment Issues, Alternatives and Policy Analysis SudhakarYedla IndiraGandhiInstituteofDevelopmentResearch Goregaon,Mumbai,India ISBN978-81-322-2312-2 ISBN978-81-322-2313-9 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-81-322-2313-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015936342 SpringerNewDelhiHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerIndia2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper Springer(India)Pvt.Ltd.ispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) “To my loving son Dhiren” Preface Small towns grow up riding bicycle both for short daily trips and long and occasional trips on “ride-cycle-ride” mode. The small towns and villages in India havealwaysbeensustainable,whetheritistransportation,orwastemanagement,or evenresourcesmanagement.Itisonlyasurprisethat,inthenameofgreengrowth, the international development agencies are now trying to introduce the same old principles of sustainability to the developing world which they have already been followingsincelong(itisevenpracticedtodayinsmallertowns/villages). Rapideconomicgrowthbringsopportunitiesandtheybringsignificantchanges in lifestyles. The average distance between “home” and the office has increased (as we call it migration) and so have the daily trip lengths. Due to the fastness in movementsandlongerdistancestotravelinshortertime,motorizationhasbecome the face of transportation in Indian metropolitan cities. Services sector-driven economic growth has resulted in increased per capita incomes and purchasing power. With the need to move faster and farther, the number of personal vehicles (cars and bikes) has increasedmany times over thelasttwo tothree decades.The infrastructure provision also got skewed towards motorized modes, marginalizing the golden and age-old mode of transport—the non-motorized modes such as walking and cycling. Rapidly growing personal vehicles, poor quality, and insuf- ficientpublictransporthaveresultedininequalityinserviceprovision,duetowhich the urban poor are subjected to extreme hardship for their travel needs. As the limitedroadspacewithoutafunctionalfootpathneedstobesharedamongpedes- triansandslow-andfast-movingvehiclesalike,urbantransportationisfacedwitha large numberofaccidents involvingurban poorandNMTusers,congestion,poor energy efficiency, severe air and noise pollution, and carbon emissions leading to climatechange.Itisratheraquickjourneyfroma“sustainableandenvironmentally friendlymobility”systemtoa“chaoticurbantransportation”thatisunsustainable andalsoinequitable. Since the 11th Five Year Plan, Indian cities are competing with each other in developingmetrosystemsintheirrespectivecities,andquiteafewofthemwould soonbeflashingtheirmetrosmartcardsasthenewfaceoftheirtransportsystem. vii viii Preface However, the marginalization of NMT continues to be evident from the metro developmentplansthattheysharewiththepublic. Thisnecessitatesachangeinthewaytransportationisplannedforfutureyears. The city policy makers are in a dilemma on whether to focus on the provision of good-qualitytravelserviceoraimtocontrollocalandnoisepollutionortargetthe low carbon pathways to control carbon emissions. The present book has evolved fromthis“policymakers’dilemma.” Started off with the regional research initiative on energy, environment, and climatechangebySida(SwedishInternationalDevelopmentCooperationAgency) about15yearsago,ourresearchworkonthetransportationsectorhasbeenlongand coveredvariousimportantaspectsincludinggreenhousegasmitigation;evaluation of alternative and cleaner options in transportation; barrier analysis; identification of appropriate policy measures to implement the alternatives; means to promote NMT; prioritization of alternatives, barriers, and policy measures using multi- criteria framework and AHP; integration of environmental concerns into long- term transportation planning; and incremental cost analysis to find the carbon competitiveness of the sector and sustainable mobility and its link to sustainable development goals (SDGs). These works, published by various agencies and journals,formthecorematerialforthisbook.Theyhavebeencitedatappropriate placesalongthetextofthisbook.Althoughwearebenefittedfromthesupportof various international agencies such as Sida, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan, at various stages in conducting the research, the opinions contained in this bookarethoseoftheauthorandshouldnotbeattributedtoanyoftheseagenciesor itsassociates. The material presented in this book has been developed over 15 years of research. The research work has evolved over time and followed closely the transformation of urban transportation. While this could address the issues as theyevolved,someoftheearlierworksdatedearly2000mayappearoutdatedfor the sake ofnumbers. Inthe case ofsimplestatistics, they have been updatedwith the most recent available information. However, if they represent an analysis aiming at comparative presentation of alternatives/scenarios, they have been left intact as the old dated information would not make any difference in the interpretation. This book addresses the problems of urban transportation comprehensively by identifyingpotentialalternatives,barriersfortheirimplementation,policiesforthe implementation,andcomparativeanalysisofdifferentapproachesofplanningsuch as local pollution mitigation approach and global emission control approach. It considers the environmental dimension of sustainability and proposes a new and moreeffectivepolicyframework.Suchaframeworkwouldbeofimmensehelpto cityandtransportationplannersandpolicymakers. This book, in its attempt todevelop a policy framework that is more effective, presents three different methodologies for prioritizing alternatives (barriers and policy measures), viz., analytic hierarchy process (AHP), multi-criteria group decision making with multi-stakeholder consultative process, and multi-criteria Preface ix analysiswithsuprauseranddifferentiatedweightsbasedonpotentialcontribution toward the objective. Case studies are included for these three approaches which couldhelpthereaderincomprehendingthemethodology. Startingwiththebasicplanningandtheneedtolookatsustainabilityprinciples (Chap.1),thisbookgoesonexploringthetrendsinurbantransportation(Chap.2). Difficulties in service provision owing to the changing urban dynamics are ana- lyzed, and the environmental and climate implications ofurban transportation are presented in Chap. 3. Chapter 4 presents all alternative options for environmental inclusionintransportandproposesamethodologyforacomprehensiveassessment ofthesamebymeansofenergy-savingpotential,emissionreductionpotential,and economic viability on life cycle operation. Chapter 5 identifies the problems in promotingNMTwhichcanmakecommendablecontributionstowardenvironmen- tal sustainability and social equity. Chapter 6 identifies barriers for NMT imple- mentation and other cleaner alternatives such as clean fuels and alternative technologies. Such barriers have been prioritized using the popular analytic hier- archyprocess(AHP)sothatthepolicymakercaneasilypickasetofbarriersthat needtobeaddressed. Chapter7identifiespolicymeasuresthatareessentialfortheremovalofbarriers for the implementation of NMT and other cleaner alternatives in transport. These policymeasureshavebeenprioritizedusingtwodistinctmethodsofmulti-criteria analysis.Chapter8presentsalltheregulatoryandeconomicinstrumentsthatcanbe appliedforthesustainabilityofurbantransportation.Suchapresentationisfurther augmented by various examples from all over the world. Means to integrate environmentalconcernsintourbantransportationplanningareattemptedbydevel- oping a dynamic optimization model with environmental and carbon emission constraints. Chapter 9 applies the optimization model to analyze the co-benefits andcarbonabatementcostsoflocalemissioncontrolstrategiesandglobalemission controlstrategies. Thisbookaimstohelpthepolicymakersbysuggestinganddemonstratinganew policy framework to integrate sustainability and climate change mitigation into urbanplanning. Mumbai,India SudhakarYedla