Guanzeng Zhang · Lan Wang Urban Planning and Development in China and Other East Asian Countries Urban Planning and Development in China and Other East Asian Countries Guanzeng Zhang Lan Wang (cid:129) Urban Planning and Development in China and Other East Asian Countries 123 GuanzengZhang LanWang Collegeof Architecture Collegeof Architecture andUrbanPlanning andUrbanPlanning TongjiUniversity TongjiUniversity Shanghai, China Shanghai, China ISBN978-981-13-0877-2 ISBN978-981-13-0878-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0878-9 JointlypublishedwithTongjiUniversityPress,Shanghai,China TheprinteditionisnotforsaleintheMainlandofChina.CustomersfromtheMainlandofChinaplease ordertheprintbookfrom:TongjiUniversityPress. LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018951206 ©TongjiUniversityPress2019 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721, Singapore Foreword I Today, a tremendous number of international students come to Tongji University andotherChinesecitiesfordegreesandexchangeprogramsindifferentdisciplines in the context of globalization. Architecture, urban planning, and landscape architecture are three important disciplines that attract many international students under the circumstance of rapid and massive urbanization in China. These three disciplines have been the core programs of Tongji University and established their prestigiousreputation inChina and allaround theworld. As thebasis for thethree disciplines, the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP) becomes the “Archi-Port” of international exchange and collaboration. With the effort since 2000s, CAUP has gradually developed 18 double-degree programswithEuropean,American,Australian,andAsianUniversities.About170 students from 45 countries come to our college for studying each year. And there are annually more than 150 lectures given by international scholars and about 300 academic visits. More than 70 English lecture courses have been offered for internationalstudents.TextbooksinEnglishabouturbanplanninganddevelopment inChinaareverynecessaryandvaluable.ThisworkofProfs.GuanzengZhangand LanWangprovidesaninsighttounderstandthehistory,philosophy,andintuitional arrangementofurbanplanninganddevelopmentinChinaandotherAsiancities.It illustrates the evolution of cities and the function of planning during the process. Forinternationalstudentswhoareinterestedinurbanplanninganddevelopmentin Asian cities, reading this book is an important step for them to start their study. I have known Prof. Guanzeng Zhang for about 15 years. Professor Zhang has devoted his time to studying urban development history and culture. He is one of the professors who opened the first group of lecture course in English atCAUP for international students. His cross-cultural perspective, language capacity, and rich humanistic knowledge provide this book with a wide horizon and thorough analysis.Thisisanimportantpieceofworkbeforehisretirement.IalsoknowProf. Lan Wang well. As a young scholar, she has already conducted solid research and provenheracademiccapacity.Hercontributionsbringuniquefeaturestothisbook with an elaboration on institutional design and legal systems of planning. v vi ForewordI With the globalization in the field of architecture design and urban planning, we need to embrace local culture and exchange experience with people from differentcultures.Topresentourcultureisanessentialstepforcommunicationand teaching.TheeffortsofProfs.GuanzangZhangandLanWangareamilestoneand would continue. Shanghai, China Prof. Dr. Zhenyu Li Dean College of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji University Foreword II UrbanplanninganddevelopmentinChinahasdrawnattentionfromallaroundthe world. Scholars and students come to China for research or further study on urban planning and development. The College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP) of Tongji University has become a focal point for global exchange and collaboration of research in the related field. As a knowledge center with rich experience and academic resource, CAUP has developed a wide international net- workwithotherresearchandeducationinstitutes.TheAsianDevelopmentBankand UNESCOhaveestablishedaregionalcenteratCAUPfortheAsia-PacificRegionon best practices in urbanization, such as urban regeneration, new town development, and urban–rural integration. It has been a major task for CAUP to conduct and promotetheoretic researchand planningpractices of urban development inChina. Therefore, it is important to produce knowledge products to illustrate what has happened and what is currently happening in China. This book elaborates the history, planning concept, and institutional structure that have shaped urban evo- lution in China and other Asian Countries. It provides substantial narrative to help readers understand Asian urban planning and development. ThebookislistedasatextbookfortheModelCourseinEnglishforInternational StudentsbytheChineseMinistryofEducationandissupportedbyKeyProjectsin the National Science and Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year PlanPeriod.Itgivesinternationalresearchersandstudentsawindowintotheurban planningand development in China andother Asian countries. Shanghai, China Prof. Dr. Zhenwei Peng College of Architecture and Urban Planning Tongji University Director of Planning Assessment Board of China vii Acknowledgements The book would not have been possible without the support of the Publication Supporting Program of the College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and the NationalScienceandTechnologyPillarProgramduringtheTwelfthFive-yearPlan Period. We are grateful to our colleagues Profs. Jiang Wu, Zhiqiang Wu, Zhenyu Li, Zhenwei Peng, Shangwu Zhang, Wenjun Zhi, Guiqing Yang, Jian Zhuo, and Huizhi Geng for their support and insight which was of great assistance to the compilationofthisbook.ThankstoProfs.CharlesHochandTingweiZhangatthe University of Illinois at Chicago, USA, who have played vital role in helping us develop this book. Professor Inhee Lee from Pusan National University and Dr. Jieun Kim, the Chief Research Fellow from Seoul Housing Corporation, also offered materials and insights from their expertise and practice into urban devel- opment and planning in Korea. The book is listed as a textbook for the Model Course in English for International Students by the Chinese Ministry of Education. We appreciate the efforts of the International School, Tongji University. We are immensely grateful to Mr. Andrew Armbruster and Mr. James Stewart. As native speakers and international students majoring in urban planning, they commented on the manuscript. Dr. Liang He, Dr. Baoyu Wang, Dr. Ying Meng, Dr. Qing Fang, Dr. Lige Guo, Mr. Di Wang, Mr. Feng Qiu, Ms. Luyun Shao, Ms.YahuiZhong,Ms.SuLi,andMr.HaoGuofferedtheirassistancewithfigures and data to enrich the book. We would also like to thank the chief editor Ms. Dai JiangandtheexecutiveeditorMs.JialinYuanwithTongjiUniversityPressfortheir great work. In the book, Sects. 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 are selectively translated from two journal articles: Zilai Tang, Jingsheng Li, Urban Planning System in Japan, City Planning Review, 1999(10): 50–54; Anqing Ren, Law System in Urban Planning of Japan, Peking University Law Journal, 1988(2): 4–7. Section 6.3 is written by Dr. Jieun Kim, the Chief Research Fellow from Seoul Housing Corporation. Section 7.1 is mainly translated from certain chapters of Urban Planning Administration and ix x Acknowledgements Regulation, 2011, China Planning Press. Section 7.5 is partially selected from a journal article: Wang L., and Charles Hoch (2013). Pragmatic Rational Planning: Comparing Shanghai and Chicago, Planning Theory. 12(4): 369–390. We appre- ciate the works of other scholars. Contents 1 East Asian Civilization and Ancient Chinese Philosophy . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Geographical Conditions and Early Civilizations . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Formation and Growth of East Asian Cities . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Common Features of East Asian Cities Throughout History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.1.4 Chronological Development of Urban Civilizations in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2 Ancient Chinese Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1 Basic Elements Studied in Ancient Chinese Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 Early Practice of Chinese Philosophy in Urban Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.3 Early City Forms and Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.1 Formation of Urban Order and Urban Systems . . . . . . . . . 15 1.3.2 Principles for Early Urban Planning and Architecture . . . . 16 1.3.3 The Inner Structure of Early Chinese Cities . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.4 Chinese Ethical and Educational System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.4.1 Confucianism: Structure and Hierarchy in Urban Order . . . 22 1.4.2 Confucian Influence over Urban Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.4.3 Religion and Early City Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 Classical Chinese Cities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 Cities in Imperial Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.1 Distribution of Urban Relics in the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1.2 Yancheng City: A Capital in the Spring and Autumn Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2 Urbanization in Imperial China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.1 Administrative System in Early Imperial China . . . . . . . . . 28 2.2.2 Urbanization Process in the Chinese Empire . . . . . . . . . . . 29 xi