uRban LicHEnS uRban LicHEnS A Field Guide for Northeastern North America including New York CitY ChiCago toroNto BostoN New haveN PhiladelPhia Baltimore washiNgtoN, d.C. HEnS Jessica L. Allen and James C. Lendemer Illustrations and Selected Photographs by Jordan R. Hoffman Furthermore grants in publishing, a program Yale University Press books may be of the J. M. Kaplan Fund purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. office) or [email protected] (U.K. office). Designed by Patrick Barber Set in Benton Sans, Zenon, and VTC Carrie by Adrianna Sutton The Community Foundation for Printed in the United States of America Greater New Haven Mohamed bin Zayed Species ISBN 978-0-300-252996 (alk. paper) Conservation Fund Library of Congress Control Number: Torrey Botanical Society 2020952521 A catalogue record for this book is available Copyright © 2021 by Jessica L. Allen, from the British Library. James C. Lendemer, and Jordan R. Hoffman. All rights reserved. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 This book may not be reproduced, in whole (Permanence of Paper). or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Publication supported by a grant from The Community Foundation for Greater New Haven as part of the Urban Haven Project COn Dedicated to Irwin (Ernie) Brodo and everyone who appreciates and studies urban lichens COnTenTS One IntroductIon ........................................1 The Lichen Lifestyle: Basic Biology and Identification ................3 Urban Lichens .................................................10 New York City Lichens Through Time .............................11 Why Are Lichens Affected by Air Pollution? ........................12 Lichen Chic: Fashion, Finance, and Fortune .......................14 Lichens and Animals ...........................................17 Hunting Lichens in Cities ........................................19 Fifty Lichens in One Day: A Whirlwind Tour of New York City .........21 Two the SpecIeS .........................................27 Crustose Species ..............................................28 Foliose Species ................................................62 Fruticose Species ..............................................98 Key to the Species ............................................ 108 Three Lichens of New York City: The Complete List .....................134 Illustrated Glossary ............................................139 Bibliography and Further Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Acknowledgments ............................................153 Index ........................................................154 OnE OnE