rban ducation in U E the nited tates U S Previous Publications Education and Social Change(2002) DePaul University: Centennial Essay and Images(1998) (with Charles Suchar) Seeds of Crisis: Public Schools in Milwaukee Since 1920(1993) (with Frank Cassell) Education and Women’s Work(1991) rban ducation in the U E nited tates U S istorical eader A H R Edited by John L. Rury URBANEDUCATIONINTHEUNITEDSTATES © John L.Rury,2005. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2005 978-1-4039-6777-0 All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-53020-5 ISBN 978-1-4039-8187-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781403981875 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Urban education in the United States :a historical reader / John L.Rury,editor p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4039-6778-7 (pbk.) 1.Education,Urban—United States—History.I.Rury,John L.,1951– LC5131.U684 2005 370(cid:2).9173(cid:2)2—dc22 2004059984 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India. First edition:May 2005 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Carl F. Kaestle This page intentionally left blank able of ontents T C Acknowledgments ix Works Republished in this Book xi Contributors and Their Current Affiliations xiii 1. Introduction: The Changing Social Contours of Urban Education 1 John L. Rury Part One The Origins of Urban School Systems 13 2. Common Schools before the “Common School Revival”: New York Schooling in the 1790s 17 Carl F. Kaestle 3. The Origins of Public Education in Baltimore, 1825–1829 37 Tina H. Sheller 4. Popular Education in Nineteenth Century St. Louis 57 Selwyn K. Troen Part Two Bureaucracy and Curricular Differentiation, 1870–1910 69 5. Bureaucracy and the Common School: The Example of Portland, Oregon, 1851–1913 75 David Tyack 6. Urban Reform and the Schools: Kindergartens in Massachusetts, 1870–1915 97 Marvin Lazerson 7. Progressivism and Curriculum Differentiation: Special Classes in the Atlanta Public Schools, 1898–1923 119 Barry M. Franklin viii Table of Contents Part Three Policies and Politics in Urban Schools, 1900–1940 137 8. Taxation and Social Conflict: Teacher Unionism and Public School Finance in Chicago, 1898–1934 143 Marjorie Murphy 9. Missing the Mark: Intelligence Testing in Los Angeles Public Schools, 1922–32 159 Judith R. Raftery 10. The Politics of Educational Retrenchment in Detroit, 1929–1935 179 Jeffrey Mirel Part Four The Postwar Era: 1945–1980 213 11. Race and the Politics of Chicago’s Public Schools: Benjamin Willis and the Tragedy of Urban Education 219 John L. Rury 12. Bureaucratic Order and Special Children: Urban Schools, 1950s–1960s 241 Joseph L. Tropea 13. “The Community is Beginning to Rumble”: The Origins of Chicano Educational Protest in Houston, 1965–1970 257 Guadalupe San Miguel, Jr. Part Five Urban School Reform in the Late Twentieth Century 275 14. After the Fall: Continuity and Change in Detroit, 1981–1995 283 Jeffrey Mirel 15. The Milwaukee Voucher Experiment 309 John F. Witte 16. High Stakes in Chicago 333 Brian Jacob Epilogue: The Uncertain Future of Urban Education 341 Index 349 cknowledgments A T he idea for this book came about several years ago as I began to plan a course on the history of urban education. Looking around, I was struck by the scarcity of recently published material on the topic. This was odd, because in the past it had been the object of keen interest among historians. Indeed, for a time urban education had become something of a preoccupation in the field of educational history, but more recently attention seems to have shifted to other issues. This pattern of inquiry and publication resulted in a rather peculiar situation: a very rich body of work in the past, some of it more than thirty years old, and a comparative dearth of more recent writing. Thus was born the idea for this reader, a book pulling together some of the best of this scholarship, lightly edited and with connecting notes and current bibliogra- phy, to provide students with a broad survey of urban educational experience in American history. Constraints of cost and the availability of certain materi- als have limited the scope of the volume somewhat, but I hope it nonetheless will offer a stimulating point of entry for students interested in learning more about the history of city schools, and provide an aid for exploring the subject further. This is a collection of works by other authors, and it is these scholars to whom we all owe the largest debt of gratitude for allowing their work to appear in this book. As suggested above, most of the articles republished in this volume have received editorial attention. In most cases this has consisted of simply removing some of the historiographic references from an earlier time, discussions probably of little interest to most readers today. In certain instances an author has suggested editorial changes that might be helpful. Insome of the articles I have tried to reduce technical discussions to a mini- mum, and I have curtailed statistical data and methodological description where possible. This has helped to make the length and cost of the book more reasonable. Since all of these articles have been published elsewhere, readers interested in learning more about such matters can simply look them up in an academic library. The original references for each of these selections have been included in the book, but attentive readers may notice changes in the notation where portions of the text have been edited. Again, anyone interested in examining the full text of a given article can consult the original version as first published. Like every project of this type, this one has necessitated contributions from many quarters. Amanda Johnson, my editor at Palgrave Macmillan, was encouraging from the very beginning, and has been a continuing source of support and guidance since then. Feedback from anonymous reviewers of the