Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia Edited by Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, OX5 1GB, UK 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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ISBN: 978-0-12-802169-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ List of Contributors Vinayak Adane Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India Reazul Ahsan Research Fellow, MIT-UTM Sustainable Cities Program, M assachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Mohammad Shakil Akther Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Michiko Banba Education and Research Center for Disaster Education, University of Hyogo, Japan Uttama Barua Graduate Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and Research Planner, B angladesh Network Office for Urban Safety (BNUS), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Ranit Chatterjee Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto U niversity, Kyoto, Japan Priya Choudhary Smt. Manoramabai Mundle College of Architecture, Seminary Hills, Maharashtra, India Sameer Deshkar Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India Glenn Fernandez Disaster Risk Management Systems, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Bangkok, Thailand Ishrat Islam Professor, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh Nafesa Ismail Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Sadasivam Karuppannan University of South Australia, Australia viii List of Contributors Jon Kellett University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Huy Nguyen Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, Vietnam Kenji Okazaki Professor, Kyoto University, Japan Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Krishna S. Pribadi Professor, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Bhaswati Ray Assistant Professor, Sivanath Sastri College, Kolkata, India Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Kazi Farzana Shumi Department of Business Administration (DBA), International Islamic University Chittagong (IIUC), Dhaka, Bangladesh Nitin Srivastava Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto U niversity, Kyoto, Japan Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Phong Tran Institute for Social and Environmental Transition, Vietnam Tho Tran Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan About the Editors Rajib Shaw Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Rajib Shaw is a professor at the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies of Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. He has worked closely with local communities, nongovernmental organizations, gov- ernments, and international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), especially in Asian coun- tries. His research interests include community-based disaster risk management, climate change adaptation, urban risk management, and disaster and environ- mental education. He is currently the president of the Asian University Network of Environment and Disaster Management, and the co-chair of the UN International Strategy of Disaster Reduction (ISDR) Asia Science Technology Academia Advisory Group. Professor Shaw has been published extensively in different journals, books and edited volumes. Atta-ur-Rahman Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Atta-ur-Rahman is an associate professor at the Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Plan- ning, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. He recently completed his postdoctoral studies on modeling disaster risk at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. He is also a visiting faculty member at the Centre for Disaster Preparedness and Management, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. His specialties are disaster risk reduction (DRR) and environmental impact assessment. He is currently working with a number of international organizations on various aspects of x About the Editors DRR and supervising research students in the field of disaster risk management. He is a member of the editorial boards of several prestigious journals and has written numerous books and research articles. Akhilesh Surjan Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia Akhilesh Surjan has successfully dealt with issues of climate and disaster risk reduction (DRR) and urban environmental management. He served as a lead author for the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). He also served as a contributing author for the United Nation’s Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, published in May 2011. In particular, he focuses on issues surrounding the sustainability of development and adaptation con- cerns of emerging cities. Dr. Surjan trained at Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan, where he successfully completed his doctoral study, focusing on resilience to environment and DRR in the Asia-Pacific region. Gulsan Ara Parvin Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Gulsan Ara Parvin is a researcher at the Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, at Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. She has 12 years of teaching and research experience at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET). She was an associate professor in the Urban and Regional Plan- ning Department of BUET. Dr. Parvin was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science to conduct research at Kyoto University from 2007 to 2010. She obtained a Ph.D degree from the Urban Engineering Depart- ment of the University of Tokyo in 2003 and an M.Sc degree from the Agriculture Conservation and Rural Development Program of the Asian Institute of Technology in 1999. Her research interests mostly concentrate on community development, vulnerability and disaster management for the poor, climate change impact and adaptation, female empower- ment, and the role of nongovernmental organizations. Preface Globally, the intensity and frequency of disasters are on the rise. In urban areas, more than 50% of the world’s population is living on just 2% of the land surface. Most of these cities are located in Asia, which consists mostly of developing nations. In these cities, more than 30% of the residents are living in slums and squatters. Unforeseen disaster events hit cities and communities in both the developing and developed world, but developing nations are more vulnerable and suffer more intensely. Numerous cit- ies have been affected by natural and human-created disasters, with thousands of the inhabitants either buried under debris or washed away by gushing water. Over time, urban disasters put unprecedented pressure on city budgets, which must accommodate emergency response and recovery. Urban centers are the hub of industrial and commercial activity, so cities function to empower their societies. Wherever disasters hit urban areas, their severity brought widespread devastation in terms of human losses and adverse economic consequences and setbacks. Urban resilience is largely a function of resourceful citizens and governments. The strong and committed involvement of citizens at the grassroots level can lead to a resilient city. There are many factors that affect urban resilience, and no two cities are alike in their inherent capacities. Therefore, building cities that are more resilient to both external and internal negative factors may bring about more productive economic returns. It is important to note that mitigation prior to the occurrence of a disaster is much more effective than picking up the pieces afterward. This is a very demanding area, which deserves special attention from academia, government institutions, disaster managers, urban authorities, international govern- mental organizations, scientific community, practitioners, and other experts. It should and will be the focus of policy makers, practitioners working in both the public and private sectors, students, academia, and government officials. This book particularly highlights several key areas: urban risk, disaster and resilience, building code and land-use planning, coastal cities, urban expansion, urban rural linkages, urban microfinancing, food security, risk communication, and private sector involvement. The text also illustrates some case studies from Asian countries, highlighting experiences from a number of cities. This book is geared toward a wide audience. Initially, the target group is students, teachers, and researchers working in the fields of urban planning, architecture, disaster preparedness and management, social sciences, and earth and structural sciences. The chapters draw on evidence-based data from the scientific integration of databases and feedback on conceptualization, idea generation, field surveying on urban disasters, xii Preface and building city resilience. Similarly, disaster managers, field practitioners, decision makers, disaster-related authorities, and city government staffers are other target readers of this valuable reference. Rajib Shaw Atta-ur-Rahman Akhilesh Surjan Gulsan Ara Parvin About the Book Urbanization is on the rise and disasters are increasing throughout the world. Asia, where significant numbers of people still live in informal settlements, bears the brunt of these developments. Numerous Asian cities have been affected by natural and human-created disasters in recent years, and there are many examples of innovative risk reduction approaches designed to improve the resilience of urban areas on the continent. This book is an attempt to explain some of the key lessons of urban resilience based on Asian examples. The book, the culmination of years of effort from renowned urban scientists and other experts, has 20 chapters, some of them highlighting common issues like coastal management, building vulnerability, urban rural linkage, and community engagement, and others presenting case studies of different cities highlighting and linking these issues. This topic is a demanding one that definitely merits special attention from academia, government institutions, disaster managers, urban authorities, international nongovernmental organizations, scientific community, and practitioners. The book will be useful to policy makers, practitioners working in both the public and private sectors, students, academia, and government officials. Urban Disasters and Approaches 1 to Resilience Atta-ur-Rahman1, Rajib Shaw2, Akhilesh Surjan3, Gulsan Ara Parvin4 1Associate Professor, Institute of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan; 2Professor, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; 3Associate Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Health, Science and the Environment, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia; 4Researcher, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan 1.1 Introduction More than half of the world population is now living in urban areas (UN, 2014). The urban population is increasing at a rapid rate, and it is projected that by the year 2030, 65% of the world’s population will be living in cities, mostly in the developing world (Sharma et al., 2011). Most of the top 20 cities in the world are in Asia, mainly located in the developing world. The data reveals that in the developing world, urban popula- tions are increasing at a rapid pace that poses a series of threats to them. It has been estimated that in Asia, over 40% of its urban dwellers are living in slums and squatter settlements. Large cities are particularly vulnerable to a wide variety of hazards, with the majority of these populations living in high- to moderate-risk zones. The so-called super cities, including Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi, Manila, Jakarta, Bangkok, and Calcutta, have experienced serious incidents of flooding, cyclone surges, and earthquakes in the past decade (Douglass, 2013). Meanwhile, several other Asian cities have faced heat waves, droughts, urban flooding, and intense rainfall. The effects of such incidents have been intensified by climate change. Cities are the hub of educational and cultural innovation and provide industrial, commercial, and infrastructure services (Shaw et al., 2009). Such links have positive implications to accelerate both the economic and political situations. Cities are certainly strong, but they are also vulnerable to wide range of disasters. This is why the urban authorities are called upon to develop city disaster risk reduction (DRR) plan(s) to cope, adapt to, or withstand shock, stress, and disturbances with minimum human casualties and damage (Rahman & Shaw 2015). The continent of Asia is where the world’s least-urbanized countries are located. In Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal, India, Thailand, and Laos, less than 30% of the population lives in urban areas (UN, 2014). Singapore, Hong Kong, Qatar, Kuwait, Israel, South Korea, and Japan are among the most urbanized countries, with over 90% of the total population residing in cities. As a whole, the urban population in Asia is rapidly increasing compared to other continents. In Asia, in terms of degree of urbanization, 27 countries have more than 50% of their population living in urban areas. Of the top 20 megacities in the world, 13 are in Asia—namely, Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Urban Disasters and Resilience in Asia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802169-9.00001-X Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.