Update of the AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities Prepared for: The National Cooperative Highway Research Program Transportation Research Board of The National Academies Prepared by: Jennifer Toole, Principal Investigator OCTOBER 11, 2010 The information contained in this report was prepared as part of NCHRP Project 20-07/Task 263, National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 1 Acknowledgements This study was requested by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and conducted as part of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 20-07. The NCHRP is supported by annual voluntary contributions from the state Departments of Transportation. Project 20-07 provides funding for quick response studies on behalf of the AASHTO Standing Committee on Highways. The report was prepared by a team led by Jennifer Toole of Toole Design Group. The work was guided by a task group which included George Branyan, Jim Ercolano, Eric Glick, Richard Haggstrom, Thomas Huber, Dwight Kingsbury, John N. LaPlante, Paula Reeves, Brooke Struve, R. Scott Zeller, and Gabriel Rousseau. The project manager was Christopher Hedges, NCHRP Senior Program Officer. Disclaimer The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied are those of the research agency that performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board or its sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the authors. This document is not a report of the Transportation Research Board or of the National Research Council. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 2 Chapter 1: literature review The following is a compendium of relevant literature that will impact the update to the AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design and Operation of Pedestrian Facilities. Although the Pedestrian Guide was published in 2004, the majority of the writing of the Guide occurred earlier. For this reason, the literature search was conducted for relevant publications/studies that were published after 2000. In a few cases, the list includes earlier research that remains relevant and should continue to be the definitive source for certain aspects of the Guide. The literature review is organized in four categories: 1. Relevant national guidance/policy (non-research related) 2. State design guidance (key resources plus others) 3. Local design guidance (key resources plus others) 4. Pedestrian research Short summaries are provided for many resources. Where summaries were already available through abstracts written by resource authors or through PBIC’s walkinginfo.org website, those summaries were included in their original form or in some cases were adapted for this literature review. The sources below are numbered sequentially, in order to correspond to the footnotes in Chapter 3. It is important to note that this team has culled the most important sources that will serve as the best references, rather than include the titles of every document that has been written on this topic in the past ten years. The list below includes over 300 of the most relevant documents for the update to the AASHTO Pedestrian Guide. The order shown below should not be taken as an indication of importance of the source in terms of its use in the upcoming edition of the Guide. 1.1. RELEVANT NATIONAL GUIDANCE AND POLICY This section provides short summaries of various national design guidance and policy documents that are not addressed in other sections of the literature review. A number of the documents listed below are currently under revision and new editions are likely to be published prior to the development of the next edition of the AASHTO Pedestrian Guide. Changes that are made to these documents could have a significant impact on the content of the Guide. 1.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 5th Edition, November, 2004 (as updated). 2.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, A Guide for Achieving Flexibility in Highway Design, 2004. 3.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Roadside Design Guide, 2002 (as updated in 2010). NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 3 4.Federal Highway Administration, Design Guidelines: Accommodating Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel – A Recommended Approach, A US DOT Policy Statement on Integrating Bicycling and Walking into Transportation Infrastructure, 2002 5.Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation Policy Statement on Bicycle and Pedestrian Accommodation Regulations and Recommendations, 2010. 6.Federal Highway Administration, Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access – Part 1 of 2, Review of Existing Guidelines and Practices, 1999. 7.Federal Highway Administration, Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access—Part 2, Best Practices Guide, September 2001. 8.Federal Highway Administration, Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians, May 2001. 9.Federal Highway Administration, Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 2009. 10.Federal Highway Administration, Pedestrian Facilities Users Guide, 2002. 11.Federal Highway Administration, Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, 2000. 12.Federal Highway Administration, Planning Design and Maintenance of Pedestrian Facilities, 1989. 13.Institute for Transportation Engineers, Traffic Control Devices Handbook, 2004. 14.Institute for Transportation Engineers, Transportation Engineering Handbook, (as updated). 15.Institute for Transportation Engineers, Transportation Planning Handbook, (as updated). 16.Institute for Transportation Engineers, Urban Street Geometric Design Handbook, (as updated). 17.Public Rights-of-Way Access Advisory Committee. Special Report: Accessible Public Rights-of-Way, Planning and Designing for Alterations. Washington, D.C.: 2007 18.U.S. Access Board, Americans with Disabilities Act – Architectural Barriers Act Accessibility Guidelines, 2004. (ADA-ABA-AG) 19.U.S. Access Board, Draft Public Rights-of-Way Accessibility Guidelines, November 2005. 20.USDOT Memorandum, INFORMATION: Public Rights-of-Way Access Advisory, Federal Highway Administration. January 23, 2006. 21.USDOT, Transportation for Individuals with Disabilities; Adoption of New Accessibility Standards. 49 CFR Part 37 [Federal Register: October 30, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 209)]. Effective November 29, 2006. 22.Institute of Transportation Engineers, Traffic Calming: State of the Practice, 1999. 23.Easter Seals, Accessible Pathways to Bus Stops and Transit Facilities: A Process Guide, 2009. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 4 24.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities, 1999. 25.Federal Highway Administration, Selecting Pedestrian Safety Improvements: Crash Types/Countermeasures Matrix (as updated). Available Online: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/saferjourney/library/matrix.htm 26.Federal Highway Administration, Designing Pedestrian Facilities For Accessibility Course, Available Online: http://www.in.gov/indot/files/DPFAModule5PedestrianCrossings.pdf, 2008 27.Federal Highway Administration, Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide, 2004. 28. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Roadway Lighting Design Guide, 2005. 29.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Highway Safety Manual, 2010. 30.ITE, An ITE Proposed Recommended Practice: Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: A Context Sensitive Approach, 2010 31.Federal Highway Administration in collaboration with the University of North Carolina’s Highway Safety Research Center, Training Course: Designing for Pedestrian Safety, http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/pbic/dps.cfm 32.Federal Highway Administration in collaboration with the University of North Carolina’s Highway Safety Research Center, Training Course: Developing a Pedestrian Safety Action Plan, http://www.walkinginfo.org/training/pbic/dpsap.cfm 1.2. STATE DESIGN GUIDANCE This section provides short summaries of key state design guides and lists others that may be relevant. State DOT Design Guides will be particularly important resources for the next AASHTO Pedestrian Guide, because state transportation officials are a primary audience. New pedestrian guides are published and updated by State DOT’s each year, therefore it will be necessary for the authors of the next AASHTO Pedestrian Guide to review new Guides in addition to those listed below prior to preparing the revised Guide. Key Resources 33.California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Pedestrian and Bicycle Facilities in California: A Technical Reference and Technology Transfer Synthesis for Caltrans Planners and Engineers, July 2005. This guide synthesizes information on policies, laws, programs, the planning and design process, guidelines, and best practices. The Technical Reference Section includes concept sheets on pedestrian facilities and traffic calming measures. The concept sheets include descriptive text, references, and many useful pictures, NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 5 graphics, and tables. Major issues addressed include: analytical tools, crossings, personal mobility devices, signals, sidewalks, work zones, and traffic calming. 34.California Department of Transportation, Main Streets: Flexibility in Design & Operations, January 2005. This booklet provides basic guidelines for creating main streets along state highways. The booklet emphasizes Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS). It includes short descriptions of traffic calming measures appropriate for high speed areas (e.g. reduced lane width or number of lanes, transverse rumble strips, visual cues, roundabouts, synchronized signals, parking, and raised median islands). It also discusses pedestrian facilities, street lighting, furnishings, street landscaping, banners and decorations, and gateway monuments. 35.Research in Progress. California Department of Transportation, Complete Intersections: A Guide to Reconstructing Intersections and Interchanges for Bicyclists and Pedestrians, 2010. 36.Connecticut Cooperative Transportation Research Program Project 04-6, Designing Roads that Guide Drivers to Choose Safer Speeds, Garrick, Hanson and Ivan, Report No. JHR 09-321, November 2009. 37.District Department of Transportation, District of Columbia Pedestrian Master Plan 2009. This plan includes detailed design guidelines and conceptual drawings for a comprehensive range of pedestrian facilities, and also includes a detailed review of District policies that impact design. It includes a systematic, per topic review of existing policies, state-of-the-practice, and proposed policies, which is then supported by detailed design drawings that illustrate key issues for pedestrian safety and accessibility. 38.Delaware Department of Transportation, Guide to Accessible Pedestrian Facilities Public Transportation Right-of-Way [DRAFT], March 2009. This guide establishes requirements, guidelines and best practices for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of accessible pedestrian facilities in the public transportation right-of-way. The guide provides guidance on a variety of issues, including sidewalks, driveway crossings, obstructions and protruding objects, curb ramps, detectable warnings, curb ramps, crosswalks, median crossings, mid-block crossings, traffic signals and accessible pedestrian signals, and stop bars. 39.Florida Department of Transportation, Level of Service Handbook, 2002. The Level of Service Handbook discusses the FDOT’s Pedestrian Level of Service Model. The model is based on a weighted valuation of four factors: existence of sidewalk, lateral separation for pedestrians from motorized vehicles, motorized vehicle volumes, and motorized vehicle speeds. 40.Georgia Department of Transportation, Pedestrian and Streetscape Guide, September 2003. This guide focuses on the design of pedestrian environments and streetscape facilities. It offers technical information on "best practices" that apply to situations encountered in project development. It provides a thorough examination of pedestrian characteristics and factors that influence pedestrian travel. The guide supplies an interesting spatial analysis, diagramming the space needs for different types of pedestrians: adults, children, elders, and those with disabilities. It discusses ways to prioritize projects using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), referencing the Latent Demand Model and Portland, OR's Pedestrian Potential Index. The bulk of the guide exists in several toolkits, each devoted to different subjects. The toolkits begin with general design guidelines and move into more specific topics such as accessibility, school zones, trails and paths, sidewalks, crossings, etc. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 6 41.Maryland State Highway Administration, Accessibility Policy & Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities along State Highways, December 2005. This design guide was developed to assist transportation engineers in designing public sidewalks and crossings to provide accessible routes, defined as continuous routes that are unobstructed and ADA compatible throughout. The guide addresses a number of relevant issues, including sidewalks, ramps, median treatments, crosswalks, mid-block crossings, accessible pedestrian signals , detectible warning devices, and maintenance of pedestrian access during construction. 42.Maryland State Highway Administration, Bicycle & Pedestrian Design Guidelines, May 2007. This guide establishes uniform set of design guidelines for bicycle and pedestrian facilities in Maryland. It addresses a comprehensive range of pedestrian issues, including sidewalk design, intersection design, signs and signals, bus stops, grade separated crossings, work zone accommodation, bridge and interchange access, and other issues. The guide provides a number of useful photographs, tables, and figures, including a decision tree for evaluating whether marked crosswalks at uncontrolled crossing locations are needed and a table suggesting appropriate design treatments based on posted speed, ADT, and number of lanes. 43.Massachusetts Highway Department, Project Development and Design Guide, January 2006. The MassHighway Project Development and Guidebook is a comprehensive project development and Guide for street and highway projects. It establishes a clear project development process and incorporates multi- modalism and context sensitive design into all aspects of this process. The Guide is divided into to three main sections: 1) a project development section addressing project development from planning through construction; 2) a basic design section offering basic guidelines for accommodation of all modes; and 3) a “toolbox” with design solutions and traffic management strategies for unique situations, such as construction zones. It was developed through a collaborative process involving pedestrian advocates, environmentalists, municipal representatives, regional planners, MassHighway employees, and other construction and design professionals. The Guide includes flexible design standards and integrates of all modes, including pedestrians, into each stage of the project development process. It includes many useful tables and diagrams. Sections of particular interest include those addressing multimodal accommodation in roadway cross-section design and measures for traffic calming and traffic management. The guide also provides a useful typology for making functional design decisions. The typology involves consideration of three variables: area type, roadway type, and access control. The area type variable is more refined than the traditional urban/rural dichotomy and includes nine different categories ranging from natural rural areas to central business districts. 44.New York Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, March 2006. Chapter 18 of the Highway Design Manual provides extensive and detailed guidelines for pedestrian facility design. These guidelines are largely conveyed through narrative; however, the chapter also includes a number a number of useful tables, graphs, and figures. Issues addressed include: sidewalks crossings, elevation changes, bus stops and transit stations, special situations (main streets, Central Business Districts, school walking zones, mass evacuations), and pedestrian facility construction and maintenance. Compliance with ADAAG requirements is emphasized throughout. 45.Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan [DRAFT], July 2007. This draft is an update of the 1995 Oregon Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan. The update applies to the design sections of the 1995 plan only and includes discussion of context sensitive solutions and many new pedestrian and bicycle treatments (e.g. two-step pedestrian signals and stop bars at mid-block locations NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 7 reinforced with “Stop Here” signage). Chapters address walkways, crossings, and intersections, among other issues. Concepts are illustrated by abundant photographs and figures. 46.Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Traffic Calming Handbook, January 2001. This handbook addresses a variety of issues related to traffic calming, including: appropriateness, legal authority, liability, funding, impact on emergency services, and the study and approval process. It also provides discussion of a full-range of traffic calming treatments. Discussion of each treatment includes a description and information on appropriate location, speed/volume reductions, approximate costs, considerations, and advantages and disadvantages. Traffic calming treatments and guidelines are illustrated with figures. 47.Vermont Agency for Transportation, Vermont Pedestrian and Bicycle Facility Planning and Design Manual, December 2002. The Vermont Pedestrian and Bicycle Facility Planning and Design Manual establishes standards for the development, design, construction and maintenance of bicycle and pedestrian facilities. The manual includes chapters addressing pedestrian facilities (sidewalks, walkways, street corners, intersections, and street and driveway crossings), traffic calming measures, traffic control devices, and landscaping. 48.Virginia Department of Transportation, Guidelines for the Installation of Marked Crosswalks, February 2005. This guide establishes guidelines for the marking of crosswalks at controlled locations, uncontrolled locations (intersections and midblock), and unconventional intersections and locations. It describes various crosswalk treatments and provides guidance on when to use them. Several innovative treatments for uncontrolled crossings are suggested, including animated light emitting diode (LED) signals, pedestrian scramble phases, and “No Right Turn on Red” restrictions. 49.Virginia Department of Transportation, Traffic Calming Guide for Local Residential Streets, October 2002 (Revised July 2008) This guide establishes traffic calming guidelines for residential streets and collectors, including requirements that must be met before traffic calming measures will be considered by the Commonwealth Transportation Board. The guide offers guidance on which calming measures are appropriate for streets based on traffic volume. For physical traffic calming measures, it provides descriptions, placement guidance, advantages, disadvantages, and cost estimates. The guide also establishes a point system for prioritizing traffic calming projects. 50.Washington State Department of Transportation, Design Manual, January 2006 (last modified January 2009). Chapter 1510 of the Design Manual addresses pedestrian design considerations. Topics covered include ADA compliance, access control, pedestrian route geometrics, sidewalk/driveway crossings, curb ramps, crosswalks, mid-block crossings, railroad crossings, pedestrian bridges and tunnels, and work zone pedestrian considerations. The material presented is largely narrative but does include photos and figures to illustrate key concepts. Chapter 1310 of the Design Manual provides a pedestrian friendly compound curve right-turn lane. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 8 Other Relevant State DOT Resources 51.Arizona Department of Transportation, Statewide Bicycle and Pedestrian Plan, August 2003. 52.California Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, September 2006. 53.California Department of Transportation, Complete Streets Implementation Action Plan¸ February 1, 2010. 54.Colorado Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Guide, 2005 (revised April 2006). 55.Connecticut Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, 2003 (revised December 2006) 56.Florida Department of Transportation, Florida Design Manual, 2009. 57.Florida Department of Transportation, Intersection Design Guide, 2007. 58.Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Highway Design Guidance Manual, January 2006. 59.Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development, Road Design Manual, August 2006. 60.Maryland Transit Administration, Maryland Transit Guidelines, 2002. 61.Michigan Department of Transportation, Road Design Manual, revised October 2008. 62.Oregon Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, 2003. 63.Pennsylvania Department of Transportation and New Jersey Department of Transportation, Smart Transportation Guidebook, 2008. 64.Utah Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Manual, May 2007 (updated October 2008). 65.Texas Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Manual, March 2009. 66.Texas Department of Transportation, Manual for Walkable Urban Thoroughfares, 2009 67.Virginia Department of Transportation, Subdivision Street Design Guide, 2005. 68.Wisconsin Department of Planning, Pedestrian Policy Plan 2020, March 2002. 69. Wisconsin Department of Transportation, Pedestrian Best Practices Guide, 2011 (draft) 70.Pedestrian Considerations for Temporary Traffic Control Zones, Brochure http://dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/signtech/signdel/pdf/PedBrochure06.01.10.pdf 71.Connecticut Department of Transportation, Designing Roads to Guide Drivers to Choose Safer Speeds, 2010. 3. LOCAL DESIGN GUIDANCE This section provides short summaries of key local design guides and lists others that may be relevant. In addition to State DOT’s, local transportation officials are a primary audience for the AASHTO Pedestrian Guide, as many aspects of pedestrian facility planning and design fall under the jurisdiction of local DOT’s. Key Resources This section of the literature review does not attempt to include all local pedestrian plans that have been prepared, rather it lists exemplary plans that include pedestrian design guidance, and/or delve into issues related to local land development ordinances. 72.Chicago Department of Transportation, Street and Site Plan Design Standards, April 2007. This guide provides detailed standards and guidance for construction in the public right of way. It addresses a wide variety pedestrian design issues, including sidewalk width, corner radii, curb ramps, crosswalks, street NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 9 furniture, driveway and alley access management, and pedestrian accommodation during construction. Guidelines and standards are tailored to Chicago’s dense urban environment. 73.City of Berkeley, Berkeley Pedestrian Master Plan, 2010. Appendix B of the draft Berkeley Pedestrian Master Plan provides pedestrian design guidelines. The guidelines are based on existing guidelines from federal, state, and local sources and innovative best practices. Issues addressed include: sidewalk corridor guidelines, crosswalks, traffic signal enhancements, traffic calming, access to transit stops, guidelines for private development, pedestrian pathways and stairs, and ADA. 74.City of Charlotte, Pedestrian Master Plan [DRAFT], February 2009. Chapter 5 of this plan presents recommendations to update current standards to include best practices for the design of pedestrian facilities, including proposed changes to the Charlotte Land Development Standards and revisions to the Pedestrian Mid-Block Crossing Guidelines. Changes are proposed in areas in a variety of areas, including street design, pedestrian crossings, traffic calming, transit access and curb ramp design. 75.City of Oakland, Pedestrian Master Plan, November 2002. Chapter 5 of this plan discusses pedestrian facility design but does not establish design standards. The chapter is meant to inform designers, planners, and policy makers of available design treatments and best practices. Issues discussed include requirements for sidewalks and utility zones, best practices for crosswalks and corners, and traffic calming. The plan contains many useful graphics. 76.City of Sacramento Public Works Department, Pedestrian Safety Guidelines, January 2003. These guidelines focus on street crossing treatments at controlled and uncontrolled intersections, discussing tools such as pavement marking and signal options and giving attention to roadway design. The guidelines create a four level system to address crosswalk placement for uncontrolled locations as well as a matrix of appropriate treatments for streets with different numbers of lanes, average daily traffic volume (ADT), and posted speed. 77.City of San Francisco, Better Streets Plan [DRAFT], June 2008. The Better Streets Plan establishes guidelines and standards to guide the design and use of the pedestrian environment. It provides both general guidelines for the pedestrian environment and more specific guidelines for particular street types. The plan includes detailed guidelines and standards for curb lines and related features, such as medians, curb extensions, and crossings, as well as guidelines for individual streetscape elements, such as plantings, lighting, site furnishings and utilities. The plan is notable for the quality and abundance of photographs, figures, and tables used to clarify and summarize key concepts. 78.City of Santa Barbara Department of Public Works, Santa Barbara Pedestrian Master Plan, July 2006. Chapter VIII of the Santa Barbara Pedestrian Master Plan provides pedestrian design guidelines. Issues addressed include: sidewalk corridors, corners, crosswalks, signals, ADA, and transit stops. The plan provides a number of useful photographs, tables, and figures, including a sidewalk zone table showing recommended sidewalk corridor configurations based on land use, street classification, and available public right-of-way, and a crosswalk toolbox table, indicating purpose, location, and guidelines for crosswalk treatments. 79.County of Sacramento Department of Transportation, Sacramento County Pedestrian Design Guidelines, February 2006. NUpCdHateR oPf t2he0 A-0AS7H/TTO aGsukid e2 f6or3 t h e Planning, Design and Operation o f Pedestrian Facilities Page 10