2 6 2 f o 1 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O    R F P U / n o s r e t e P 3 4 0 6 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 2 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O R F P U / n o s r This Page Intentionally Left Blank e t e P 3 4 0 6 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 3 t e e h s / E G A D N O B OM  .  R F P U / n o s r te Up from Bondage e P 3 4 0 6            Durham&London  1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 4 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O R F P U / n o s r e t e P 3 4 0 6 ©DukeUniversityPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper! DesignedbyC.H.Westmoreland TypesetinQuadraatbyTsengInformationSystems,Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataappear onthelastprintedpageofthisbook. Portionsoftheprologuefirstappearedin‘‘JustifyingtheMar- gin:TheConstructionof‘Soul’inRussianandAfricanAmeri- canTexts,’’SlavicReview():–;chapter,in‘‘Civiliz- ingtheRace:ChaadaevandtheParadoxofEurocentricNation- alism,’’RussianReview():–;chapter,in‘‘Notes fromtheUnderworld:Dostoevsky,DuBois,andtheDiscovery of EthnicSoul,’’MassachusettsReview(summer):– ;chapter,in‘‘TheOriginandEndofTurgenev’sSportsman’s Notebook:ThePoeticsandPoliticsofaPrecariousBalance,’’Rus- sianLiterature():–;chapter,in‘‘Underground Notes:Dostoevsky,Bakhtin,andtheAfricanAmericanConfes- sionalNovel,’’inBakhtinandtheNation,ed.DonaldA.Wesling etal.(Lewisburg,Pa.:BucknellUniversityPress,),–; chapter,in‘‘RichardWright’sLongJourneyfromGorkyto Dostoevsky,’’AfricanAmericanReview():–;chap- ter,in‘‘‘SamovarLife’:RussianNurtureandRussianNature in the Rural Prose of Valentin Rasputin,’’ Russian Review  ():–;theepilogue,in‘‘ResponseandCall:TheAfrican AmericanDialoguewithBakhtin,’’AmericanLiterature(): –. 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 5 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O R ForLorna,Zachary,andSeth F P U / n o s r e t e P 3 4 0 6 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 6 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O R F P U / n o s r This Page Intentionally Left Blank e t e P 3 4 0 6 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 7 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O  R F P U / n so Acknowledgments ix r e t e Prologue P 3 JustifyingtheMargin:TheCulturalConstruction 4 0 6 of‘‘Soul’’  1 CivilizingtheRace:TheMissionaryNationalism ofChaadaevandCrummell  2 ConservingtheRace:TheEmergenceofCultural Nationalism  3 NotesfromtheUnderworld:Dostoevsky,DuBois,and theUnveilingofEthnic‘‘Soul’’  4 RecoveringtheNativeTongue:Turgenev,Chesnutt, andHurston  5 UndergroundNotes:Double-Voicednessand thePoeticsofNationalIdentity  6 NativeSonsAgainstNativeSoul:MaximGorkyand RichardWright  7 EurasiansandNewNegroes:TheInventionof MulticulturalNationalism  8 PreservingtheRace:Rasputin,Naylor,andtheMystique ofNative‘‘Soul’’  Epilogue ResponseandCall:TheAfricanAmericanDialogue withBakhtin  Notes  SelectBibliography  Index  1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 8 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O R F P U / n o s r This Page Intentionally Left Blank e t e P 3 4 0 6 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T 2 6 2 f o 9 t e e h s / E G A D N O B M O  R F P U / n so Thisbookhasalonghistory,andIhaveaccumulatedmanydebtstothose r te whohavenurtureditsgrowth.Tothebestofmyrecollection,itstarted e P togerminatefifteenyearsagoinmidairovertheAtlantic.Stimulatedby 3 4 0 amemorableconversationwithHoustonBakerJr.onaflighttoMoscow 6 fora Soviet-American conference on literature and national identity, I begantoreflectonthestrongaffinityexpressedbycontemporaryAfrican AmericanculturaltheoristsforthedialogicthoughtofMikhailBakhtin. Aftermanyyearsofteachingandthinkingabouttheparallelsandcon- trastsbetweenRussianandAmericanliterature,Ifinallybegantoappre- ciatetheparticularrelevanceoftheemancipationofserfsandslavesfor theliteraryformsandculturaltheoriescreatedbythemostinnovative RussianandAfricanAmericanwriters. Icouldnothavedaredtoexploresovastaterrainonmyownwith- outtheintellectualencouragementprovidedbytwomentors.Myearly yearsofteachingatAmherstCollegebroughtmeintocloseassociation with Leo Marx,who offered me a model of cultural criticism and tex- tualfidelityIshallalwayshopetoemulate.Myformercolleague,Robert Gooding-Williams,allowedhimselftobepersuadedtocollaboratewith meseveraltimesinteachinganupper-levelinterdisciplinarycourseon theconstructionof RussianandAfricanAmerican‘‘soul.’’Hispatient tutelage and philosophical mind provided much moral support in the classroomandimprovedmanyapageofmywriting. Crucial portions of my research depended on access to special col- lections.IamgratefultotheBoardof TrusteesofAmherstCollegefor makingpossibleaFacultyResearchGrantthatenabledmytraveltothe CzechRepublicandtoHowardUniversityinpursuitofmyworkonthe RussianEurasiansandtheNewNegromovement.DeanofFacultyLisa A.Raskinhasbeenespeciallykindinunderstandingandaccommodat- ingmyspecialrequests.Icannotpraisesufficientlytheprofessionalli- brarianswhohaveassistedmeinlocatingandutilizingthematerialsin theirvastcollections.MilenaKlimova,theCuratoroftheSlovanskaKni- hovnaattheKlementinuminPrague,generouslygavemeherpersonal 1 3 : 4 1 4 2 . 4 . 0 0 0 2 g n e s T