UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Anaerobic Treatment of Low Strength Wastewater A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering by Fatma Yasemin Cakir 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3164407 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3164407 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. © Copyright by Fatma Yasemin Cakir 2004 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The dissertation of Fatma Yasemin Cakir is approved. Keith D. Stolzenbach ~~~ Michael K. Stenstrom, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2004 n Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my parents, Serife and jbrahim 9akzr iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES VI LIST OF TABLES vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii VITA IX ABSTRACT xi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION 1 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM 1 1.3 OBJECTIVES 4 1.4 REFERENCES 4 2. ANAEROBIC TREATMENT OF LOW STRENGTH 6 WASTEWATER ABSTRACT 6 2.1 INTRODUCTION 7 2.2 ANAEROBIC TREATMENT PROCESS 9 2.3 ANAEROBIC FILTERS 11 2.4 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET 13 REACTORS 2.5 MODIFIED UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE 14 BLANKET REACTORS AND ANAEROBIC FILTERS 2.6 SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK 15 2.7 MODEL DEVELOPMENT 17 IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2.8 STOICmOMETRY 18 2.9 BIOLOGICAL PHASE 19 2.10 LIQUID PHASE 20 2.11 GAS PHASE 22 2.12 MODEL RESULTS 23 2.13 DISCUSSION 23 2.14 CONCLUSIONS 26 2.15 NOMENCLATURE 54 2.16 REFERENCES 56 3. GREENHOUSE GAS PRODUCTION: A COMPARISON 76 BETWEEN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT 76 3.1 INTRODUCTION 77 3.2 METHODOLOGY 78 3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 79 3.4 CONCLUSIONS 82 3.5 NOMENCLATURE 90 3.6 REFERENCES 91 4. CONCLUSIONS 92 Appendix A. A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR ANAEROBIC FILTER 94 Appendix B. PROCESS PARAMETERS USED IN THE ANAEROBIC 107 FILTER MODEL v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 Heat value of influent wastewater as a function of influent COD 28 2.2 Gas composition versus substrate concentration (literature references) 29 2.3 Model Flow Diagram 30 2.4 Effluent substrate and removal rate as a function of SRT 31 2.5 Simulated gas composition as a function of SRT 32 2.6 Simulated gas composition as a function of influent substrate 33 concentration 3.1 General layout of the treatment plant 84 3.2 Aerobic treatment plant layout 85 3.3 Anaerobic treatment plant layout 86 3.4 Equations used in the model 87 3.5 Treatment efficiency versus influent BOD 88 u 3.6 Total equivalent CO production versus influent BOD 89 2 u vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Laboratory Scale Studies of Anaerobic Filter on Wastewater 34 Treatment 2.2 Pilot Scale Studies of Anaerobic Filter on Wastewater Treatment 37 2.3 Demonstration and Full Scale Studies of Anaerobic Filter on 40 Wastewater Treatment 2.4 Laboratory and Pilot Scale Studies ofUASB on Wastewater 42 Treatment 2.5 Demonstration and Full Scale Studies of UASB on Wastewater 46 Treatment 2.6 Studies Using Modified Anaerobic Filter Process on Wastewater 49 Treatment 2.7 Studies Using Modified UASB Process on Wastewater Treatment 52 3.1 Process parameters used in the model 83 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am particularly grateful to my advisor Michael K. Stenstrom for his guidance and encouragement throughout my graduate study at UCLA. I benefited greatly from his wisdom, friendship and warm personality. I would like to extend my gratitude to other committee members Keith D. Stolzenbach, Jennifer A. Jay and Irwin (Mel) Suffet. I wish to thank Mel Suffet for his tough questions and persistence in trying to understand every detail of my presentations. I wish to express my gratitude to Keith D. Stolzenbach for his assistance and suggestions. I would like to thank Jennifer A. Jay for her moral support and willingness to spend time with me while raising her cute twins. I would also like to thank Thomas Harmon for his help during the initial stage of my dissertation. Chapters 2 and 3 and the Appendix A are based on joint work with Michael K. Stenstrom. Appendix A is an earlier version of the article "A Dynamic Model for Anaerobic Filter" that appeared in Journal of Environmental Health and Science, A38(1O): 2069-2076, in 2003. I am thankful to all my friends for their encouragement and moral support during my dissertation. Wichitra, you have been a wonderful office mate. Sunny, it was nice sharing baby stories with you. Diego, thanks for being there whenever I needed help in solving my computer related problems. Deeona, you have been a great help for all my administrative requests. I would like to extend my thanks to all the students, staff and faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department. It has been a pleasure to know you all. The pages would not be enough if I start counting each of you so please accept my brief but sincere thanks. I would not have been able to complete my dissertation without the sacrifice, love and patience of my mom. Thanks for taking wonderful care of my baby boy Yunus Numan while I was studying at school and bearing my complaints during my stressful periods. Yunus has been the joy of our house for the last four months. I am thankful to my dad for his high vision, material support and decision to move to US so that I could go to graduate school here. I would also like to thank my parents-in-law for their good wishes and prayers from overseas. Finally it is impossible for me to forget my thanks for my husband Aydin who has been there for me through all the difficult and happy moments of my dissertation. His love, motivation and suggestions have been and will always be very valuable to me. viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.